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laser welding applications
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... two case studies of typical economic environments found in laser welding applications. design considerations laser beam delivery optics laser welding applications manufacturing economics reflective lens transmissive lens LASER ENERGY is transmitted from the laser to the workpiece via...
Abstract
Properly designed beam-delivery optics is essential to quality of the beam acting on the workpiece and to the economics of the manufacturing process. This article describes the design considerations of laser beam delivery optics. It also reviews the manufacturing economics and presents two case studies of typical economic environments found in laser welding applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Advantages Hybrid laser arc welding is a high-productivity welding process that typically combines GMAW with LBW in the same weld pool. This process is used with mechanized or automated welding applications. These process combinations result in a synergy that incorporates the benefits of each individual...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... backings of same composition as base material most common Root porosity found in partial-penetration laser welds may be removed by machining backing strip in some applications Ceramic and nonconsumable (e.g., copper backings not usually applicable Lap welding Commonly used in all materials...
Abstract
This article describes the joint preparation, fit-up and design of various types of laser beam weld joints: butt joint, lap joint, flange joint, kissing weld, and wire joint. It explains the use of consumables for laser welding and highlights the special laser welding practices of steel, aluminum, and titanium engineering alloys. Laser weld quality and quality assessment are described with summaries of imperfections and how its operations contribute to providing repeatable and reliable laser welds. Relevant laser weld quality specifications are listed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005680
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... welding (MRSW) and laser welding. The article illustrates the fundamental principles involved in MRSW and laser welding. The article presents examples of various microjoining methods used in medical device applications, including pacemaker and nitinol microscopic forceps. fabrication joint design...
Abstract
Microjoining methods are commonly used to fabricate medical components and devices. This article describes key challenges involved during microjoining of medical device components. The primary mechanisms used in microjoining for medical device applications include microresistance spot welding (MRSW) and laser welding. The article illustrates the fundamental principles involved in MRSW and laser welding. The article presents examples of various microjoining methods used in medical device applications, including pacemaker and nitinol microscopic forceps.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... than laboratory curiosities, and it took more than a decade for their real commercial potential to be developed in consumer products, such as barcode scanners, compact disc players, laser pointers, laser printers, and materials processing applications. The majority of lasers used for welding today...
Abstract
This article provides a history of electron and laser beam welding, discusses the properties of electrons and photons used for welding, and contrasts electron and laser beam welding. It presents a comparison of the electron and laser beam welding processes. The article also illustrates constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process. It reviews the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the LBW process. Joint design and special practices related to LBW are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of consumables and special welding practices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... having a large impact on the ability to apply LSW in production. It concludes with information on the industrial applications of LSW. laser stir welding aluminum keyhole instability LASER STIR WELDING (LSW) is a process that uses a manipulation of the laser beam at a high rate to cause...
Abstract
Although laser stir welding (LSW) is applied to various metallic systems, it is especially appropriate to laser beam welding (LBW) of aluminum, because liquid aluminum possesses significantly less surface tension and viscosity than most common metal alloys, which results in greater fluidity of the molten pool. This article schematically illustrates the keyhole instability in LBW and describes the process details of LSW. Representative macrographs of butt, lap, and fillet welds produced using the LBW and LSW processes are presented. The article discusses the laser welding technologies having a large impact on the ability to apply LSW in production. It concludes with information on the industrial applications of LSW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... to relatively thin materials and low speeds, because of the limited continuous power available. Since then, the availability of high-power continuous-wave lasers has expanded the interest and use of lasers in welding applications. Common industrial laser types and characteristics are summarized in Table 1...
Abstract
Most welding lasers fall into the category of fiber, disc, or direct diode, all of which can be delivered by fiber optic. This article provides a comparison of the energy consumptions and efficiencies of laser beam welding (LBW) with other major welding processes. It discusses the two modes of laser welding: conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration mode welding. The article reviews the factors of process selection and procedure development for laser welding. The factors include power density, interaction time, laser beam power, laser beam diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, absorptivity, traverse speed, laser welding efficiency, and plasma suppression and shielding gas. The article concludes with a discussion on laser cutting, laser roll welding, and hybrid laser welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.../in. 2 ). (See the article “Introduction to High Energy Density Electron and Laser Beam Welding” in this Volume for an introduction to the nature of laser beam radiation.) Lasers have been promoted as potentially useful welding tools for a variety of applications. By 1965, a variety of laser...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals, mechanisms, process physics, advantages, and limitations of laser beam welding. It describes the independent and dependent process variables in view of their role in procedure development and process selection. The article includes information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints, and weld pool geometry, are discussed. The article also reviews the various injuries and electrical and chemical hazards associated with laser beam welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005620
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... is a hybrid process based on a thin-melting interface for a lap joint of dissimilar-metal sheets using a roller and one-sided laser heating. The article discusses the types, advantages, and applications of roll welding and laser roll welding. It also provides a detailed discussion on the laser roll welding...
Abstract
This article describes two methods based on rolling of sheet. The first is roll welding, where two or more sheets or plates are stacked together and then passed through rolls until sufficient deformation has occurred to produce solid-state welds. The other is laser roll welding, which is a hybrid process based on a thin-melting interface for a lap joint of dissimilar-metal sheets using a roller and one-sided laser heating. The article discusses the types, advantages, and applications of roll welding and laser roll welding. It also provides a detailed discussion on the laser roll welding of dissimilar metals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... real-time or in-process monitoring, which is done with optical, acoustic, and/or charged-particle sensors. It highlights the advantages, applications, and selection criteria of weld monitoring system and concludes with examples of laser weld monitoring in the production of tailor-welded blanks...
Abstract
This article reviews weld quality monitoring considerations for two automotive materials, steel and aluminum, with a focus on photosensor technology. It provides an overview of the process description, process parameters, and weld characteristics of laser welding. The article discusses real-time or in-process monitoring, which is done with optical, acoustic, and/or charged-particle sensors. It highlights the advantages, applications, and selection criteria of weld monitoring system and concludes with examples of laser weld monitoring in the production of tailor-welded blanks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development...
Abstract
Welding as an assembly process has become increasingly more attractive to designers of space structures because of its sufficient strength, endurance, reliability during their service lives, and ease of repair. This article reviews a variety of applications for welding in space and low-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development of welding technology in space are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005636
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... for describing the dynamic impingement of metal droplets into the weld pool and the liquid-vapor interface evolution in laser keyhole welding. Results from each group of models are presented in the section “Application to Fusion Welding Processes” in this article. Welding Arc Plasma There are many...
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review and critical assessment of numerical modeling of heat and mass transfer in fusion welding. The different fusion welding processes are gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, laser welding, electron beam welding, and laser-arc hybrid welding. The article presents the mathematical equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species conservation. It reviews the applications of heat transfer and fluid flow models for different welding processes. Finally, the article discusses the approaches to improve reliability of, and reduce uncertainty in, numerical models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... for specific applications. wear hardfacing iron-base overlays chromium carbide-based overlays nickel-base overlays cobalt-base alloys tungsten carbide-based metal-matrix composite overlays laser cladded process oxyacetylene brazing vacuum brazing shielding metal arc welding gas metal arc...
Abstract
Hardfacing refers to the deposition of a specially selected material onto a component in order to reduce wear in service as a preventative measure or return a worn component to its original dimensions as a repair procedure. This article provides information on various hardfacing materials, namely, iron-base overlays, chromium carbide-based overlays, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys, and tungsten carbide-based metal-matrix composite overlays. It discusses the types of hardfacing processes, such as arc welding processes, and laser cladded, oxyacetylene brazing and vacuum brazing processes. The arc welding processes include shielding metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding/flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding, and plasma transferred arc welding. The article also reviews various factors influencing the selection of the appropriate hardfacing for specific applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article discusses the principles of operation, equipment needed, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of various fusion welding processes, namely, oxyfuel gas welding, electron beam welding, stud welding, laser beam welding, percussion welding, high-frequency welding...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of operation, equipment needed, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of various fusion welding processes, namely, oxyfuel gas welding, electron beam welding, stud welding, laser beam welding, percussion welding, high-frequency welding, and thermite welding.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... drilling and the cutting of metals at angles and thicknesses not possible with CO 2 lasers. There are some applications—spot welding and hole cutting, for example—where either laser type can provide acceptable results at comparable speeds. Capabilities and operating ranges for CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers...
Abstract
Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers. It discusses the operating parameters of concern in percussion drilling and trepanning. The process variables in surface treatment and laser cutting, as well as the operating parameters of concern in laser welding are reviewed. The article also explains the various categories of surface treatment: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005632
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., material delivery, motion, and control systems optimized for specific applications. The disadvantages of laser deposition processes include process cost and complexity, which must be considered during process selection and development. The deposition of weld material on metallic substrates, commonly...
Abstract
Laser deposition involves the articulation of a laser beam and the introduction of material into the beam path to fuse the material onto a substrate or into a functional shape. It can be divided into two broad categories: cladding and near-net shape processing. This article provides a discussion on the material combinations, characteristics of laser cladding, and the comparison with arc cladding. It reviews the characteristics and applications of near-net shape processing and explains the process involved in powder bed methods and direct powder methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and laser welding. One of the earliest European applications of tailor-welded blanks for automotive applications was by Swedish carmaker Volvo using the resistance mash-seam process in 1979. An early use of laser-welded blanks in Europe was the Audi floor pan made by Thyssen A.G. in Germany since 1985...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the forming of steel tailor-welded blanks (TWB) with a discussion on the effects of welding on forming. It presents the parameters that are monitored to control the stamping operation for tailor-welded blanks. The article discusses weld factors such as the orientation of weld relative to metal movement in dies, the formability of TWB materials, die and press considerations, and specific factors for the drawing, stretching, and bending of steel tailor-welded blanks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., reinforced roll spot welding, and leak-tight seam welding. It provides information on the applications of lap seam weld, mash seam weld, and butt seam weld. The article reviews the advantages and limitations of seam welding compared to resistance spot welding, projection welding, and laser welding...
Abstract
Resistance seam welding (RSEW) is a process in which the heat generated by resistance to the flow of electric current in the work metal is combined with pressure to produce a welded seam. This article discusses the various classes of the RSEW process, namely roll spot welding, reinforced roll spot welding, and leak-tight seam welding. It provides information on the applications of lap seam weld, mash seam weld, and butt seam weld. The article reviews the advantages and limitations of seam welding compared to resistance spot welding, projection welding, and laser welding. It describes the four basic types of resistance seam weld machines: circular, longitudinal, universal, and portable. The article concludes with a discussion on weld quality and process control for seam welding.
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