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laser patterning
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., and laser-based design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion...
Abstract
Lasers evolved as a versatile materials processing tool due to their advantages such as rapid, reproducible processing, chemical cleanliness, ability to handle variety of materials, and suitability for automation. This article focuses on state-of-the-art laser applications to improve tribological performance of structural materials in lubricated and nonlubricated environments. It discusses the fundamentals of various laser materials interactions and reviews laser-based surface-modification strategies, including laser surface heating and melting, laser-synthesized coatings, and laser-based design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion on the improved capabilities of laser surface engineering for tribological applications by means of integrated computational process modeling.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003394
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... interface, the resin transfer molding interface, the fiber placement and tape-laying interface, and the laser projection interface. continuous fiber composite material fabric deformation core sample flat-pattern evaluation laminate surface offset structural analysis interface resin transfer...
Abstract
Continuous fiber composite materials offer dramatic opportunities for producing lightweight laminates with tremendous performance capabilities. This article describes the kinematics of fabric deformation and explains the algorithms used in draping simulation. It discusses the basic components, such as laminate and ply, of continuous fiber composite. The article provides information on the core sample and ply analysis. It details producibility, flat-pattern evaluations, and laminate surface offset. The article discusses various interfaces, such as the structural analysis interface, the resin transfer molding interface, the fiber placement and tape-laying interface, and the laser projection interface.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... , Chung H.K. , Wolk M.B. , Bellmann E. , and Baetzold J.P. , High Efficiency AMOLED Using Hybrid of Small Molecule and Polymer Materials Patterned by Laser Transfer , J. Inf. Disp. , Vol 4 , 2003 , p 1 10.1080/15980316.2003.9651920 6. Hirano T. , Matsuo K...
Abstract
This article discusses the basic operating principles, industrial applications, and advantages as well as the parameters influencing the process of laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of solid materials, liquid materials, laser-absorbing layers, intact structures, and metallic 3D microstructures in additive manufacturing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... focused UV lasers as well as picosecond and femtosecond lasers with pulsation capability has further extended the possibility for tribological surface topography modification ( Ref 45 ), including formation of nanoscale to microscale patterns on hard coatings. Experimental results published...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of surface-texturing techniques. It describes the texturing parameters, namely, shape, depth, and width of the textured pattern, its aspect ratio (depth over width), texture area density, and orientation. The article explains the effect of these parameters on tribological behavior of textured surfaces. It provides information on various modeling approaches for surface texture. The article also discusses the beneficial effect of surface texturing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006556
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... (consumable) part used indirectly, as in the use of an AM-generated pattern in investment casting. These direct metal methods include laser melting, material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting, and vat photopolymerization methods. All of these methods require metal powder: The jewelry industry...
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technologies in the casting of precious metals are divided into two groups: indirect metal methods and direct metal methods. Besides providing a process overview of both of these methods, the focus of this article is on the characteristics, process steps, applications, and advantages of direct metal methods, namely laser melting, material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting, and vat photopolymerization methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes the selection of frequency, power, duration of heating, and coil design for induction hardening. The article also discusses the scope, application, methods, and operation of flame hardening.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., elastomer, and metal, into a solid object. Parts are built upon a moveable platform for a surface in a bin of the heat fusible powder ( Fig. 1 ). A roller levels powder on the surface, and then selective sintering of the powder is done by a laser beam that traces the pattern of the first layer...
Abstract
This article describes two rapid tooling technologies, namely, direct rapid tooling and indirect rapid tooling, for forging-die applications. Commonly used direct rapid tooling technologies include selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing, and laser-engineered net shape process. The indirect rapid tooling technologies include 3D Keltool process, hot isostatic pressing, rapid solidification process tooling, precision spray forming, and radially constricted consolidation process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006546
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Surface Consolidation of Adjacent Particles in the Fusion Process Fusion and Molecular-Level Behavior within Particles Droplet Generation Droplet Impact Laser-Scanning VPP Pattern-Projection VPP High-fidelity, continuum modeling of VPP processes takes the form of a finite-element...
Abstract
This article focuses on four industrial additive manufacturing approaches that are used to create polymer parts. The first section focuses on material extrusion, providing information on lumped-parameter material flow models and higher-fidelity models developed to estimate temperature distribution. The second section covers polymer powder-bed sintering/ fusion, discussing the different levels of scale used to address modeling and the impact of process settings: thermodynamics at the powder-bed surface, consolidation of adjacent particles in the fusion process, and fusion and molecular-level behavior within particles. The third section on vat photopolymerization (VPP) discusses two primary approaches to modeling VPP processes, namely a lumped-parameter approach to estimate cured regions in the vat, known as the Jacobs model, and a high-fidelity, continuum approach that uses finite-element methods. The final section is devoted to material jetting, focusing on simulations used to study droplet generation at the nozzle and droplet impact.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... equations that represent build times for each of the three classes. area sequential volume addition computer-aided design models extrusion deposition fused deposition modeling numerical control machining periphery cutting rapid prototyping selective cure layered process selective laser...
Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP) is a field in manufacturing involving techniques/devices that produce prototype parts directly from computer-aided design models in a fraction of time. This article discusses the principles of RP and three major commercial processes, based on their layer creation method. These include selective cure layered processes, extrusion/droplet deposition processes, and sheet form fabricators. The article provides information on the three classes of RP, namely, voxel sequential volume addition, periphery cutting, and area sequential volume addition. It presents equations that represent build times for each of the three classes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... transport on arc plasma and weld pool are discussed. The article reviews the strategies for controlling poor and variable penetration and describes the formation of keyhole and fluid flow in electron beam and laser welds. It also explains the fluid flow in gas metal arc welding and submerged arc welding...
Abstract
Fluid flow is important because it affects weld shape and is related to the formation of a variety of weld defects in gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds. This article describes the surface-tension-driven fluid flow model and its experimental observations. The effects of mass transport on arc plasma and weld pool are discussed. The article reviews the strategies for controlling poor and variable penetration and describes the formation of keyhole and fluid flow in electron beam and laser welds. It also explains the fluid flow in gas metal arc welding and submerged arc welding, presenting its transport equations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... Smaller particles, by contrast, have larger diffraction angles, generating more diffuse diffraction patterns. As the laser interacts with the sample volume, a series of diffraction patterns are cast onto the detectors as the laser interacts with the powder particles. The intensity and radial position...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the general methods of metal powder production. It details the primary methods for particle sizing used in additive manufacturing: sieving, laser diffraction and scattering, and digital image analysis. Methods of interpreting and understanding particle size distribution (PSD) data are presented, with an emphasis on the differences between count- and volume-based PSDs. The article then outlines practices for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of particle morphology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... with traditional laser beam welding (LBW) for comparison One aspect of the LSW process that must be considered when using circular or elliptical beam-manipulation patterns is the relative velocity of the laser beam with respect to the workpiece. Figure 8 shows the relative velocity ( V L ) of the laser...
Abstract
Although laser stir welding (LSW) is applied to various metallic systems, it is especially appropriate to laser beam welding (LBW) of aluminum, because liquid aluminum possesses significantly less surface tension and viscosity than most common metal alloys, which results in greater fluidity of the molten pool. This article schematically illustrates the keyhole instability in LBW and describes the process details of LSW. Representative macrographs of butt, lap, and fillet welds produced using the LBW and LSW processes are presented. The article discusses the laser welding technologies having a large impact on the ability to apply LSW in production. It concludes with information on the industrial applications of LSW.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003408
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... reduced the amount of raw material required and the amount of scrap material yielded ( Fig. 4 ). Overhead laser projectors can also improve material use by providing a preview of pieces to be cut. It is often helpful to view the cutting patterns while positioning material on the table, because, many...
Abstract
This article reviews the history of prepreg and ply cutting technologies and outlines the options available for creating the necessary data and for nesting, cutting, and kitting the plies. It discusses the ways in which these steps influence the workflow for various applications. The characteristics of prepreg and ply cutting methods are presented in a table.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... of parts made from various resins Table 2 Utilization of parts made from various resins Material Utilization Accura25 (a) General-purpose models, snap-fit assemblies, and room-temperature vulcanized (RTV) master patterns. Durability and accuracy are reported as “better.” Accura...
Abstract
Vat polymerization (VP) is an additive manufacturing (AM), or three-dimensional (3-D) printing process in which 3-D objects are produced by hardening a liquid polymer into the desired shape. With the introduction of new materials and improvements in material properties, VP offers a good alternative for AM for low-volume production. This overview of the VP process begins with an introduction to two main processes of VP, namely stereolithography apparatus and digital light processing, and then moves on to discuss the characteristics of the feedstocks used as well as their selection criteria. The article then covers safety issues associated with feedstock handling and the manufacturing constraints related to part orientation and design, providing some key tips for VP support structures. This is followed by a discussion on postprocessing/finishing of VP parts. A brief concluding section considers some special topics related to AM process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... Instabilities in the liquid film around the keyhole in electron beam and laser welds are responsible for the uneven penetration (spiking) characteristic of these types of welds. Mass Transport in the Arc High-velocity gas motion occurs in and around the arc during welding. The gas motion is partially due...
Abstract
High-velocity gas motion occurs in and around the arc during welding. This article describes the phenomena of gas flow in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The effect of trace element impurities on GTA weld penetration of selected alloys is presented in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on submerged arc welding (SAW).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., optically reflective surfaces, a mirrored plastic block, or coverslip, is placed in close proximity to the surface and is acoustically coupled with fluid. The laser is focused onto the bottom surface of the coverslip, which has an acoustic pattern that corresponds to the sample surface. By rapid sweeping...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals and operating principles of the following acoustic microscopy methods: scanning laser acoustic microscopy, C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. It describes the applications of acoustic microscopy for detecting defects in metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006564
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... create distortion in the viewed pattern. Analysis of the distortion produces a height map of the surface. To investigate this technique, a customized projection and camera system was installed in a laser PBF research platform ( Ref 21 ). The projector produces fringe patterns with spacing as small...
Abstract
This article covers in-line process monitoring of the metal additive manufacturing (AM) methods of laser and electron beam (e-beam) powder-bed fusion (PBF) and directed-energy deposition (DED). It focuses on methods that monitor the component directly throughout the build process. This article is organized by the type of AM process and by the physics of the monitoring method. The discussion covers two types of monitoring possible with the PBF process: monitoring the area of the powder bed and component and monitoring the melt pool created by the laser or e-beam. Methods for layer monitoring include optical and thermal methods that monitor light reflected or emitted in the visible and infrared wavelengths, respectively. Monitoring methods for laser directed-energy deposition (DED) discussed are those that measure the size and shape of the melt pool, the temperature of the melt pool, and the plasma generated by the laser as it interacts with the molten metal.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... by punch press or fabricated by hand after laborious layout of the pattern. Currently, most metal cutting falls within 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) and thinner, although CO 2 lasers are now competitive with plasma arc cutting for metal thicknesses of 13 mm (0.500 in.) and greater. The principal factor in the use...
Abstract
Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers. It discusses the operating parameters of concern in percussion drilling and trepanning. The process variables in surface treatment and laser cutting, as well as the operating parameters of concern in laser welding are reviewed. The article also explains the various categories of surface treatment: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... at the 7th Altair CAE Technology Conference, Altair Engineering , 2011 3. Gardan N. and Schneider A. , Topological Optimization of Internal Patterns and Support in Additive Manufacturing , Journal of Manufacturing Systems , Vol 37 ( No. 1 ), Oct 2015 , p 417 – 425 10.1016/j.jmsy...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a collection of manufacturing processes, each of which builds a part additively based on a digital solid model. The solid model-to-additive manufacturing interface and material deposition are entirely computer-controlled. The traditional additive manufacturing applications have been used for low production runs of parts with complex shapes and geometric features. Additive manufacturing is also used for topology optimization and it impacts the process and supply chain. This article discusses processes, including vat photopolymerization, material jetting, powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, material extrusion, binder jetting, and sheet lamination.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... emission but having the advantage of distributing the laser energy over a broader area, so ablation and surface damage can be avoided. A chirp array also has been used in combination with a matched pattern used for detection ( Ref 23 ), as well as a pattern obtained by using a computer-generated hologram...
Abstract
Laser-ultrasonics is a particular implementation of ultrasonic nondestructive inspection in which ultrasound is generated and detected by lasers. This article discusses the various mechanisms that ensure ultrasound generation and explains the possibility to get the equivalent of phase-array by numerical processing of an array of previously acquired laser-ultrasonic signals. The article describes the ultrasound generation by thermoelastic mechanism and ablation or vaporization. It illustrates the principle of optical detection of ultrasound with confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer and photorefractive two-wave mixing interferometer. The article concludes with information on the industrial applications of laser-ultrasonics, including thickness measurement, flaw detection, and material characterization.