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laser dimpling
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 47 Crater formation during laser-dimpling process with physical phenomena. Source: Ref 199
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 46 Predicted recoil-pressure distribution using computational modeling during laser dimpling. Source: Ref 201
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion on the improved...
Abstract
Lasers evolved as a versatile materials processing tool due to their advantages such as rapid, reproducible processing, chemical cleanliness, ability to handle variety of materials, and suitability for automation. This article focuses on state-of-the-art laser applications to improve tribological performance of structural materials in lubricated and nonlubricated environments. It discusses the fundamentals of various laser materials interactions and reviews laser-based surface-modification strategies, including laser surface heating and melting, laser-synthesized coatings, and laser-based design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion on the improved capabilities of laser surface engineering for tribological applications by means of integrated computational process modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... parameters, it is possible to very accurately control the diameter, depth, and area density of microdimples ( Ref 46 ). Each laser pulse delivered to the surface causes sublimation, melting, and vaporization, resulting in dimple formation. However, because of the high intensity of the laser beam pulse...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of surface-texturing techniques. It describes the texturing parameters, namely, shape, depth, and width of the textured pattern, its aspect ratio (depth over width), texture area density, and orientation. The article explains the effect of these parameters on tribological behavior of textured surfaces. It provides information on various modeling approaches for surface texture. The article also discusses the beneficial effect of surface texturing.
Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 17 Effect of texturing or dimple area density on coefficient of friction. AJM, abrasive jet machining; LBM, laser beam machining. Source: Ref 27
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in Failures Related to Metal Additive Manufacturing
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 20 Fracture surfaces of tensile tests from as-built selective-laser-melted Ti-6Al-4V specimens. (a) Cup-and-cone. (b) Dimples. (c) and (d) Quasi-cleavage facets. Source: Ref 26 , 42
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003536
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is particularly useful for quantitative characterization of specific features (for example, dimples, striations, pores, facets, inclusions, etc.) present in the fracture surface ( Ref 35 , 36 ). The features of interest are characterized via estimation of their number density, average size, shape, spacing...
Abstract
The quantitative characterization of fracture surface geometry, that is, quantitative fractography, can provide useful information regarding the microstructural features and failure mechanisms that govern material fracture. This article is devoted to the fractographic techniques that are based on fracture profilometry. This is followed by a section describing the methods based on scanning electron microscope fractography. The article also addresses procedures for three-dimensional fracture surface reconstruction. In each case, sufficient methodological details, governing equations, and practical examples are provided.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000623
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fracture, crack propagation, ductile overload fracture, dimpled rupture, microvoid coalescence, and quasi-cleavage fracture of these alloys. cleavage fracture ductile fracture fatigue crack growth fatigue fracture fractograph stress-corrosion cracking tensile fracture threaded fasteners...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of titanium alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the fracture surface, fatigue crack growth, intergranular fracture, crack propagation, ductile overload fracture, dimpled rupture, microvoid coalescence, and quasi-cleavage fracture of these alloys.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fast fracture. Stress-intensity range (Δ K ) was 21 MPa m (19 ksi in. ); the stress was applied in an argon atmosphere at room temperature at a frequency of 10 cps. The area has voids that may be moderate-size dimples. The vertical face is apparently a very large tear ridge or cleavage...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of wrought aluminum alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the corrosion-fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, tension-overload fracture surface, ductile fracture, cone-shaped fracture surface, intergranular crack propagation, transgranular crack propagation, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and grain-boundary separation of these alloys. Fractographs are also provided for a forged aircraft main-landing gear wheel and actuator beam, an aircraft wing spar, a fractured aircraft propeller blade, shot peened fillet, an aircraft lower-bulkhead cap, and clevis-attachment lugs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... of steel tailor-welded blanks. Other product factors and process considerations are discussed in more detail in Ref 1 . Welding Methods for Tailored Blanks The types of welds that are used or have been considered for tailor-welded blanks include: Laser Resistance mash seam High...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the forming of steel tailor-welded blanks (TWB) with a discussion on the effects of welding on forming. It presents the parameters that are monitored to control the stamping operation for tailor-welded blanks. The article discusses weld factors such as the orientation of weld relative to metal movement in dies, the formability of TWB materials, die and press considerations, and specific factors for the drawing, stretching, and bending of steel tailor-welded blanks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006559
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... of melt growth ceramics At present (2020), the main preparation methods of MGC include directional solidification methods (such as the Bridgeman method), laser-heating floating zone method, microdrawing method, electron beam zone-melting method, and boundary epitaxy-growth method, as well as some...
Abstract
Directed-energy deposition (DED) is a kind of additive manufacturing (AM) technology based on synchronous powder feeding or wire feeding. This article provides a comprehensive coverage of DED for ceramic AM, beginning with an overview of DED equipment setup, followed by a discussion on DED materials and the DED deposition process. The bulk of the article is devoted to the discussion on the microstructure and properties of oxide ceramics, namely alumina and zirconia ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... at specific locations on a build platform or part. The materials in the AM jetting processes involved controlled deposition of curable polymers or atomized melt (material jetting) or powder deposition with binder resins (binder jetting). Other AM technologies emerged with the development of selective laser...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes and describes sources of failures in metal AM parts. It focuses on metal AM product failures and potential solutions related to design considerations, metallurgical characteristics, production considerations, and quality assurance. The emphasis is on the design and metallurgical aspects for the two main types of metal AM processes: powder-bed fusion (PBF) and directed-energy deposition (DED). The article also describes the processes involved in binder jet sintering, provides information on the design and fabrication sources of failure, addresses the key factors in production and quality control, and explains failure analysis of AM parts.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... depends on the effectiveness of solution annealing in removing plastic deformation introduced during thermomechanical processing. Retention of 1 to 2% cold work is sufficient to restrict plastic deformation during the fracture process. Figures 4 and 5 compare the inclusion and dimple morphologies...
Abstract
This article describes the fracture toughness behavior of austenitic stainless steels and their welds at ambient, elevated, and cryogenic temperatures. Minimum expected toughness values are provided for use in fracture mechanics evaluations. The article explains the effect of crack orientation, strain rate, thermal aging, and neutron irradiation on base metal and weld toughness. It discusses the effect of cold-work-induced strengthening on fracture toughness. The article examines the fracture toughness behavior of aged base metal and welding-induced heat-affected zones. It concludes with a discussion on the Charpy energy correlations for aged stainless steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... is uniquely characterized by dimpled fracture surfaces due to microvoid coalescence. Microscale brittle fractures are characterized by either cleavage (transgranular brittle fracture) or intergranular embrittlement. Fracture Surface Information Correct interpretation of fractographic features...
Abstract
Engineering component and structure failures manifest through many mechanisms but are most often associated with fracture in one or more forms. This article introduces the subject of fractography and aspects of how it is used in failure analysis. The basic types of fracture processes (ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep) are described briefly, principally in terms of fracture appearances. A description of the surface, structure, and behavior of each fracture process is also included. The article provides a framework from which a prospective analyst can begin to study the fracture of a component of interest in a failure investigation. Details on the mechanisms of deformation, brittle transgranular fracture, intergranular fracture, fatigue fracture, and environmentally affected fracture are also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... Shearing can cause cracks at the edges of some titanium sheet thicker than 2.0 mm (0.080 in.). If cracks or other irregularities develop in a critical portion of the workpiece, an alternative method of cutting should be used, such as band sawing, abrasive waterjet cutting, or laser cutting (see...
Abstract
This article describes different types of titanium alloys, including alloy Ti-6Al-4V, alpha and near-alpha alloys, and alpha-beta alloys. It explains the formability of titanium alloys with an emphasis on the Bauschinger effect. The article provides information on the tool materials and lubricants used in the forming process. It provides information on the cold and hot forming, superplastic forming, and combination of superplastic forming/diffusion bonding. The article discusses the various forming processes of these titanium alloys, including press-brake forming, power (shear) spinning, rubber-pad forming, stretch forming, contour roll forming, creep forming, vacuum forming, drop hammer forming, joggling, and explosive forming.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000609
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fatigue crack propagation fractograph inclusions intergranular fracture pressure vessels Fig. 573, 574, 575 Solidification cracking in laser-beam weldments of ASTM A372, class 6 (HY-80). Laser welds in 13-mm (0.5-in) thick plate were made at a travel speed of 13 mm/s (30 in./min) using a beam...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of ASTM/ASME alloy steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the solidification cracking, creep failure, brittle fracture, fracture by overpressurization, inclusion effect, fatigue crack propagation, ductile fatigue striation, secondary cracking, intergranular fracture, and elevated-temperature fracture of alloy steels used in pressure vessels, steam boiler superheater tubes, and box-girder bridges.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... or fluid forming) Shallow recessing Dimpling Drop hammer forming Electromagnetic forming Explosive forming Joggling Source: Ref 3 Process-Related Developments During the last decade, a number of processes have been introduced and/or undergone substantial improvement...
Abstract
Sheet forming comprises deformation processes in which a metal blank is shaped by tools or dies, primarily under the action of tensile stresses. This article discusses the classification of sheet-forming processes for obtaining desired dimensional features. It describes different process-related developments, namely, superplastic forming of aluminum, forming of tailor-welded blanks, rubber-pad forming, and high-velocity metal forming. The article explains cost-effective approaches of evaluating tooling designs prior to the manufacture of expensive steel dies and dieless forming techniques such as thermal forming and peen forming. It provides information on the application of advanced high-strength steels, magnesium alloys, and various ultrafine-grain materials for superplastic sheet forming. The article concludes with information on the development and application of simulation, design, and control of sheet-forming processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002492
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... occur. The cutting of plies can be automated to increase efficiency and quality. Techniques include water jets, lasers, reciprocating knife, and die cutting. Using these methods, intricate plies can be cut with repeatability with no limitation on orientation of the reinforcement. A water jet...
Abstract
The goal of design is to improve the overall performance of the metal or ceramic matrix rather than to create a material with different response than the base matrix. This article focuses on the design for manufacturing polymeric composites. Specially developed methods including contact molding, compression-type molding, resin-injection molding, and pultrusion are described. The article also discusses the various factors to be considered in designing for composite manufacturing.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Containers Crucible containers can hold large amounts of molten evaporant, but the vapor flux distribution changes as the level of the molten material changes. Electrically conductive crucibles can be heated resistively and are available in the form of boats, canoes, dimpled surfaces, crucibles, and so...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals of thermal vaporization and condensation and provides information on the various vaporization sources and methods of vacuum deposition. It offers an overview of reactive evaporation and its deposition techniques. The article also explains the advantages, limitations, and applications of vacuum deposition processes. Finally, it provides information on the gas evaporation process, its processing chamber, and related systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... processes most widely used for joining titanium are gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), laser-beam welding (LBW), and electron-beam welding (EBW); each of these processes are discussed later in this article. With the arc and laser welding processes...
Abstract
This article emphasizes the physical metallurgy of titanium and titanium alloys along with their microstructural response to fusion welding condition. The titanium alloys are classified into unalloyed or commercially pure titanium, alpha and near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and metastable beta alloys. The article further discusses the weld microstructure for alpha-beta and metastable beta alloys and describes welding defects observed in titanium alloys. The influence of macro- and microstructural characteristics of titanium weldment on mechanical properties is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the different welding processes used in the welding of titanium and titanium alloys.
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