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laser beam delivery optics
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Abstract Properly designed beam-delivery optics is essential to quality of the beam acting on the workpiece and to the economics of the manufacturing process. This article describes the design considerations of laser beam delivery optics. It also reviews the manufacturing economics and presents...
Abstract
Properly designed beam-delivery optics is essential to quality of the beam acting on the workpiece and to the economics of the manufacturing process. This article describes the design considerations of laser beam delivery optics. It also reviews the manufacturing economics and presents two case studies of typical economic environments found in laser welding applications.
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 7 Generic laser-beam-delivery system with up to four optics, f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , and f 4 , that have finite focal lengths . The system is representative of most industrial beam-delivery systems for CO 2 as well as solid-state lasers, even those with fiber optic delivery. A flat
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Image
Published: 15 June 2020
Fig. 3 Schematic showing fiber delivery of a 1 μm wavelength laser source to the focusing optics in the processing head. The beam is “launched” from the laser, focused onto the end of the fiber, transmitted through the fiber, and recollimated and focused at the deposition head. Nd:YAG
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005618
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...-beam-delivery system with up to four optics, f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , and f 4 , that have finite focal lengths . The system is representative of most industrial beam-delivery systems for CO 2 as well as solid-state lasers, even those with fiber optic delivery. A flat mirror, such as a standard beam...
Abstract
Laser has found its applications in cutting, drilling, and shock-peening operations of manufacturing industry because of its accurate, safe, and rapid cutting property. This article provides an account on the fundamental principles of laser cutting (thermal), drilling, and shock-peening processes of which emphasis is placed on thermal laser cutting. It details the principal set-up parameters, such as the laser beam output, nozzle design, focusing optic position and characteristics, assist gases, surface conditions, and cutting speed. A discussion on the types of gas, supply system, purity level, and flow rates of lasing and assist gases is also provided. The article also describes the metallurgies and other key material considerations that impact laser-cutting performances and includes examples of laser cutting of nonmetal materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...-3:2003 Acceptance Tests for CO 2 Laser Beam Machines for High-Quality Welding and Cutting, Part 3: Calibration of Instruments for Measurement of Gas Flow and Pressure … ISO 22827-1:2005 Acceptance Tests for Nd:YAG Laser Beam Welding Machines. Machines with Optical Fiber Delivery, Part 1: Laser...
Abstract
This article describes the joint preparation, fit-up and design of various types of laser beam weld joints: butt joint, lap joint, flange joint, kissing weld, and wire joint. It explains the use of consumables for laser welding and highlights the special laser welding practices of steel, aluminum, and titanium engineering alloys. Laser weld quality and quality assessment are described with summaries of imperfections and how its operations contribute to providing repeatable and reliable laser welds. Relevant laser weld quality specifications are listed.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Descriptions of common systems are given below. Two-Axis, Moving Workpiece Two-axis, moving workpiece, the simplest and most common laser cutting system, has fixed optics to simplify laser beam delivery. It is only usable on flat sheet material and takes up at least four times as much floor area...
Abstract
This article describes the use of conventional machining techniques, laser cutting and water-jet cutting for producing finished composite parts. It explains two representative polymer-matrix composites--graphite and aramid composites--and discusses the machining and drilling problems such as delamination and fiber or resin pullout. The article describes machining and drilling techniques and the necessary tools and cutting parameters. It presents a description of laser cutting. The article also provides information on the advantages, disadvantages, cutting characteristics, and applications of water-jet cutting and abrasive water-jet cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005632
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... reach levels approaching 15 kg/h (30 lb/h). The width of a clad pass can also be altered by the width and the scanning of the laser beams. In cases where the beam is scanned, clad pass widths can reach sizes of 25 mm (1 in.) or more, depending on the capabilities of the scanning optics. When...
Abstract
Laser deposition involves the articulation of a laser beam and the introduction of material into the beam path to fuse the material onto a substrate or into a functional shape. It can be divided into two broad categories: cladding and near-net shape processing. This article provides a discussion on the material combinations, characteristics of laser cladding, and the comparison with arc cladding. It reviews the characteristics and applications of near-net shape processing and explains the process involved in powder bed methods and direct powder methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Most welding lasers fall into the category of fiber, disc, or direct diode, all of which can be delivered by fiber optic. This article provides a comparison of the energy consumptions and efficiencies of laser beam welding (LBW) with other major welding processes. It discusses the two...
Abstract
Most welding lasers fall into the category of fiber, disc, or direct diode, all of which can be delivered by fiber optic. This article provides a comparison of the energy consumptions and efficiencies of laser beam welding (LBW) with other major welding processes. It discusses the two modes of laser welding: conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration mode welding. The article reviews the factors of process selection and procedure development for laser welding. The factors include power density, interaction time, laser beam power, laser beam diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, absorptivity, traverse speed, laser welding efficiency, and plasma suppression and shielding gas. The article concludes with a discussion on laser cutting, laser roll welding, and hybrid laser welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... optical energy source called a laser as the source of heat. Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The coherent nature of the laser beam allows it to be focused to a small spot, leading to high energy densities of 10 5 to 10 7 W/cm 2 (6 × 10 5 to 6 × 10 7 W...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals, mechanisms, process physics, advantages, and limitations of laser beam welding. It describes the independent and dependent process variables in view of their role in procedure development and process selection. The article includes information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints, and weld pool geometry, are discussed. The article also reviews the various injuries and electrical and chemical hazards associated with laser beam welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... in different interactions with materials and requires different types of optics and laser delivery systems to be used for each. These differences, and the ease at which gas lasers were scaled up in the early years, led to CO 2 laser dominance of high-power laser applications, oftentimes competing...
Abstract
This article provides a history of electron and laser beam welding, discusses the properties of electrons and photons used for welding, and contrasts electron and laser beam welding. It presents a comparison of the electron and laser beam welding processes. The article also illustrates constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... For process development, the first caution one should take is to calibrate the laser output power with the power delivered at the substrate. There is often a measurable loss due to the reflective and transmissive optics used to deliver the beam from the laser to the workpiece. For systems with fiber delivery...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process. It reviews the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the LBW process. Joint design and special practices related to LBW are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of consumables and special welding practices.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... Better beam quality at higher power produces deep penetration welds with very low aspect ratios. Laser machining systems are also changing. Fiber optic cables are being used with Nd:YAG lasers to simplify laser beam delivery. Robotic devices are being designed specifically for integration with lasers...
Abstract
Laser beam machining removes, melts, or thermally modifies a material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece. This article describes the principal lasers used in metal processing: neodymium-glass, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers. It discusses the operating parameters of concern in percussion drilling and trepanning. The process variables in surface treatment and laser cutting, as well as the operating parameters of concern in laser welding are reviewed. The article also explains the various categories of surface treatment: heat treating, cladding, surfacing, glazing, and marking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and obstructions from the laser-focusing optic assembly. Alternatively, the laser beam axis can be tilted while the GMAW torch is positioned normal to the work. Another reported difference between the two process orientations is in penetration. If the laser beam is positioned in the arc depression of the GMAW...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... of many continuous-wave solid-state lasers. The advantage of this may not be immediately apparent to nonpractitioners who have not observed the attenuation of a CO 2 beam due to atmospheric conditions, such as fluctuating indoor humidity, or have had to tediously align a series of reflective optics...
Abstract
Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes rely on the formation of a metallurgical bond between a substrate and a feedstock material. Energy sources employed in the fusion AM process include conventional arcs, lasers, and electron beams. Each of these sources is discussed, with an emphasis on their principles of operation, key processing variables, and the influence of each source on the transfer of heat and material. Common energy sources used for metals AM processes, particularly powder-bed fusion and directed-energy deposition, are also discussed. Brief sections at the end of the article discuss the factors dictating the choice of each of these energy sources and provide information on alternative sources of AM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... through a fiber optic cable. Fiber delivery is not only a convenient means of providing laser power to the processing head and substrate, but it also significantly increases the consistency of important beam characteristics, because there is little opportunity for the laser beam to interact...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed account of directed-energy deposition (DED) processes that are used for additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic materials. It begins with a process overview and a description of the components of DED systems followed by sections providing information on the process involved in DED and the materials used for DED. The postprocessing applied to the material after deposition is then covered. The article discusses the properties of metallic materials produced by using DED and ends with a discussion on applications for DED processes in various industries.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006858
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... drug screening, disease modeling, and cell-conditioning nanobiosystems. One of the key challenges in the case of sub-10 nm feature development is the complexity involved in creating such fine patterns as a stamp in the master mold using e-beam and other optical patterning tools. The more obvious...
Abstract
Three-dimensional plotting of biomaterials (also known as bioprinting) has been a major milestone for scientists and engineers working in nanobiotechnology, nanoscience, and nanomedicine. It is typically classified into two major categories, depending on the plotting principle, as contact and noncontact techniques. This article focuses on the working principles of contact and noncontact printing methods along with their advantages, disadvantages, applications, and challenges. Contact printing methods include micro-plotter, pen printing, screen printing, nanoimprint printing, flexography printing, and gravure printing. Noncontact printing methods include extrusion printing, droplet printing, laser-based polymerization, and laser-based cell transfer. The wide variety of printable biomaterials, such as DNA, peptides, proteins, lipids, and cells, also are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... that the overall energy transfer ratio of laser systems into the workpiece material is rather low (<10%). Lasers are available in a variety of types and power levels. Low power lasers of the neodymium-yttrium (Nd-YAG) type may use fiber-optic beam delivery systems. High-power CO 2 lasers require water...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the energy sources used for thermal forming. These include electric induction coil, gas flame, plasma torch, and laser beam. The article discusses the mechanisms of forming and different modes of deformation. It describes the effect of process and material parameters on forming and the effect of metallurgical changes on mechanical property and microstructure of stainless steel. The article concludes with information on the applications of thermal forming.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... a stirring action within the molten pool through the use of the moving keyhole. The process is increasingly being used to improve weld quality, properties, and reliability for a wide range of industries, and advancements in laser beam quality and delivery capabilities are helping to spur this growth...
Abstract
Although laser stir welding (LSW) is applied to various metallic systems, it is especially appropriate to laser beam welding (LBW) of aluminum, because liquid aluminum possesses significantly less surface tension and viscosity than most common metal alloys, which results in greater fluidity of the molten pool. This article schematically illustrates the keyhole instability in LBW and describes the process details of LSW. Representative macrographs of butt, lap, and fillet welds produced using the LBW and LSW processes are presented. The article discusses the laser welding technologies having a large impact on the ability to apply LSW in production. It concludes with information on the industrial applications of LSW.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... be irritating and/or hazardous and likewise should be removed from the work area. Optional equipment includes a water chiller to cool the laser and external optics, transformers for proper electrical supply, and compressed dry air for the beam delivery and assist gas. Laser-Cutting Applications Virtually...
Abstract
Cutting with lasers is accomplished with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. This article provides a description of the process variables and principles of laser cutting. It discusses the three basic types of CO 2 gas lasers, namely, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and fast axial flow and reviews the applications of Nd:YAG laser. The article describes the basic parameters in the laser-cutting process: beam quality, power, travel speed, nozzles design, and focal-point position. Several material conditions that affect the quality of the laser cut are also discussed. The article provides information on the basic laser-cutting system and its optional equipment. A general description of how well each metal group can be cut is also provided.
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