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Image
Punch, die, and die pad used for the simultaneous lancing and forming of lo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 16 Punch, die, and die pad used for the simultaneous lancing and forming of louvers in a press brake
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Book Chapter
Blanking and Piercing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...-and-extrude operations, slotting, countersinking, and cutting and lancing of tabs. The article provides information on the punch assembly, the die assembly, and the stripper and discusses the factors considered during piercing operations. It reviews the applications of the four types of blanks used in sheet...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the fundamentals of cutting. It focuses on blanking and piercing operations in a press tool to form and shape the final part geometry. The types of piercing operations include conventional piercing, piercing with a pointed punch, piece-and-extrude operations, slotting, countersinking, and cutting and lancing of tabs. The article provides information on the punch assembly, the die assembly, and the stripper and discusses the factors considered during piercing operations. It reviews the applications of the four types of blanks used in sheet-forming operations, namely, rectangular blank, rough blank, partially developed blank, and fully developed blank. It concludes with a discussion on the process capabilities, applications, and limitations of fine-edge blanking and piercing.
Image
Water model with (a) static lance and (b) disperser or rotating shaft/rotor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Water model with (a) static lance and (b) disperser or rotating shaft/rotor
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Image
Schematic illustrating methods for using the argon stirring process. (a) Th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 15 Schematic illustrating methods for using the argon stirring process. (a) The lance method. (b) The porous-plug method
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Image
Schematic illustrating methods for using the argon-stirring process. (a) Th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 9 Schematic illustrating methods for using the argon-stirring process. (a) The lance method. (b) The porous-plug method
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Image
Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 10 Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection and (b) lance injection. Injection processes: (c) powder injection and (d) wire feeding. Vacuum processes: (e) stream degassing, (f) R-H degassing, and (g) D-H degassing. Heating processes: (h) VOD process, (i
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Image
Equilibrium curve for dissolved carbon and oxygen compared with operational...
Available to Purchase
in Steel Processing Technology
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
oxygen process; LBE, lance bubbling equilibrium; KMS, Kloeckner Metallurgy Scrap; BOF, basic oxygen furnace. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Views at lower and higher magnification of the fracture surface on a MgAl 2...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 11 Views at lower and higher magnification of the fracture surface on a MgAl 2 O 4 single crystal showing the mirror region with whisker-lance mist hackle (onset indicated by arrows); {100} tensile surface and ⟨100⟩ tensile axis. This type of hackle occurs when cracks propagate
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Image
Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 12 Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection and (b) lance injection. Injection processes: (c) powder injection and (d) wire feeding. Vacuum processes: (e) stream degassing, (f ) Ruhrstahl-Heraeus degassing, and (g) Dortmund-Horder-Huttenunion degassing
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Image
Multislide auxiliary equipment: rear auxiliary slide, rear-position knockou...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
, extruding, preforming, and lancing. (b) Rear-position knockout, employed to provide positive cam-actuated control, in place of die spring pads, for return of material flush with die surface. (c) Positive blankholder, used in the front forming-tool position to prevent slippage or bulging during cutoff
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and more efficient technologies. However, some foundries still employ this technique, especially on small crucible furnaces. The second most popular degassing technique in historical use—and still used today (2008)—is a simple flux wand or static lance. This can be a steel pipe or, more commonly...
Abstract
Gas porosity is a major factor in the quality and reliability of castings. The major cause of gas porosity in castings is the evolution of dissolved gases from melting and dross or slag containing gas porosity. Degassing is the process of removing these gases. This article describes the methods of degassing aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys. It provides information on the sources of hydrogen in aluminum and gases in copper.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and oxygen lance holes on large roofs, and they are cooled by a network of steel pipes running throughout the structure. The delta section and electrode ports are usually constructed of a high-alumina refractory brick, rammed material, or precast shapes. Fig. 6 Typical roof ring with cooling face...
Abstract
This article focuses on the construction, operation of electric arc furnaces (EAF), and their auxiliary equipment in the steel foundry industry. It provides information on the power supply of EAF and discusses the components of the EAF, including the roof, furnace shell, spout and tap hole, water-cooling system, preheat and furnace scrap burners, and ladles. The article describes the acid and basic steelmaking practices. It discusses the raw materials used, oxidation process, methods of heat reduction, and deoxidation process in the practices. The article provides a discussion on the arc melting of iron and EAF steelmaking.
Book Chapter
Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Book Chapter
Steel Melt Processing
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and uniform mixing of alloys, temperature homogenization, adjustment of chemical composition, and partial removal of nonmetallic inclusions. These functions are accomplished by lowering a refractory-protected lance close to the ladle bottom or by blowing through porous refractory plugs at the bottom...
Abstract
This article discusses the most common methods of melting steels, namely, electric arc and induction melting. It describes the classification of refractories by an index of the “basicity” of the slag formed on the steel surface. The article provides a discussion on the converter metallurgy, which includes melt refinement in argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) vessels and vacuum oxygen decarburization (VODC) in a converter vessel. It also discusses ladle metallurgy, which includes vacuum induction degassing, vacuum oxygen decarburization, and vacuum ladle degassing.
Book Chapter
Steelmaking Practices and Their Influence on Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... become an important process step due to the demand for ultralow sulfur steels. Soda ash, calcium oxide, calcium carbide, or a mixture of these, is injected with air through a lance immersed in hot-metal ladles. Calcium serves as the desulfurizing agent producing calcium sulfide. Sulfur levels of 0.015...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed account on the process flow, composition, alternative sources, and the advancement of ironmaking, steelmaking and secondary steelmaking practices. Some steels, such as bearing steels, heat-resistant steels, ultrahigh strength missile and aircraft steels, and rotor steels have higher quality requirements and tighter composition control than plain carbon or ordinary low-alloy steels. The production of special-quality steels requires vacuum-based induction or electric remelting and refining capabilities. The article explores the types and characteristics of various steel manufacturing processes, such as ingot casting, continuous casting, and hot rolling. It provides an outline of specialized processing routes of producing ultralow plain carbon steels, interstitial-free steels, high strength low-alloy steels, ultrahigh strength steels, stainless steels, and cold-rolled products, and briefly explains the analytical techniques for liquid steels.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... surface. However, drossing and melt-cleaning fluxes can also be added via rotary flux injection and/or lance flux injection. Furnace wall cleaner fluxes are typically blown (with a gunning device) onto the furnace walls at the melt line. The flux injection process introduces the powder flux in a finely...
Abstract
Aluminum fluxing is a step in obtaining clean molten metal by preventing excessive oxide formation, removing nonmetallic inclusions from the melt, and preventing and/or removing oxide buildup on furnace walls. This article discusses the solid fluxes and gas fluxes used in foundries. It reviews the classification of solid fluxes depending on their use and function at the foundry operation. These include cover fluxes, drossing fluxes, cleaning fluxes, and furnace wall cleaner fluxes. The article also examines the operational practices and applications of the flux injection in the foundries. It describes the applications of the aluminum fluxing such as crucible furnaces, transfer ladles, reverberatory furnaces, and holding/casting furnaces.
Book Chapter
Multiple-Slide Machines and Tooling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... in a plane perpendicular to the forming plane. A four-slide machine can perform most press operations within its strip-size capacity. Basic metal-processing operations that can be performed in a four-slide press section are: piercing, notching, coining, swaging, extruding, lancing, embossing, forming...
Abstract
The multiple-slide machine, sometimes called a four-way, four-slide, or multislide machine, is a somewhat specialized item of stamping equipment, although it is very versatile within a limited area of stamping applications. This article discusses the construction and advantages of multiple-slide machines. It presents comparisons of four-slide operations with press operations based on production speed, tooling cost, tool adjustments, and operating cost. The article reviews some factors to be considered while selecting multiple-slide machines. It summarizes the strip materials commonly used in four-slide production. The article examines the design factors of four-slide parts, including tolerances and finishes. It provides the design recommendations for optimal part quality at maximum production speed. The article also discusses various four-slide cutoff methods.
Book Chapter
Thermal Spray Applications in the Steel Industry
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005742
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... are used include: Gas ducting system from molten metal refining Gas injection tuyeres, lances, and nozzles Continuous casting molds Various types of processing rolls, for example, bridle, deflector, and annealing furnace rolls Thermal spray applications in iron-steel manufacturing...
Abstract
Thermal spray is an important surface-modification process implemented by the steel industry. This article reviews thermal spray materials and equipment used and also provides examples of where typical coated components result in improved performance. It contains a table that lists thermal spray applications in the iron-steel manufacturing industry.
Book Chapter
Chemical Cleaning and Cleaning-Related Corrosion of Process Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., is carried out at pressures of 6.9 to 69 MPa (1000 to 10,000 psig). It is used to remove such deposits as light rusting, minerals, and polymers. There are three types of high-pressure water cleaning: tube lancing, line moling, and shotgun jetting. In tube lancing, a rigid or flexible lance is used...
Abstract
This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.
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