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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... applications, lighting, information display, electronic processing and electronic devices, optical and ophthalmic products, and communications equipment. architectural glass biomedical glass dental glass glass fibers lamp glass optical glass specialty glasses traditional glasses GLASS in its...
Abstract
This article reviews the applications of traditional glasses in architecture, transportation, construction, houseware, containers, and fibers. It also describes uses of specialty glasses for aerospace and military applications, biomedical and dental applications, chemical-resistant applications, lighting, information display, electronic processing and electronic devices, optical and ophthalmic products, and communications equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006871
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... to longer wavelengths. Figure 7 shows the spectral irradiance of xenon lamps with different window glass filters. Fig. 7 Spectral irradiance (E) in the UV range (300–400 nm) from various xenon arc window glass filters and the reference sun behind window glass according to CIE 241 (standardized to E...
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of outdoor weather aging factors, their effects on the performance of polymeric materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to investigate those effects. These test methods are used to characterize material performance when subjected to specific, often controlled, and well-defined factors. The article also presents an overview of weathering instrument types that simulate outdoor stress factors.
Image
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 12 Diagrams of a diffuse ovoid (a) and a clear tubular (b) high-pressure sodium lamp. 1, getter rings for maintaining high vacuum; 2, hard glass outer bulb; 3, diffusion coating; 4, translucent polycrystalline alumina discharge tube; 5, support structure; 6, lead-in wire; 7, screw base
More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... exceeds the glass transition temperature of the matrix, the material can creep or distort. However, even at lower temperatures than the glass transition temperature, polymeric matrices can degrade, especially if unprotected from the environment ( Ref 6 , 7 ). Excessive or prolonged heat can cause...
Abstract
Polymer composite materials are subject to degradation if not appropriately protected from the environment. This article describes the effects of heat and atomic oxygen and ultraviolet-light on composite material surfaces, with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...-W xenon arc with borosilicate glass filter. Source: Ref 2 The absorption of UV radiation alone may not necessarily cause the degradation of a plastic material. A wavelength whose photon energy corresponds to a particular bond energy in the polymer chain can break the bond (chain scission...
Abstract
This article describes weathering and environmental factors that contribute to degradation in plastics, including temperature variations, moisture, sunlight, oxidation, microbiologic attack, and other environmental elements. It presents a general overview of aging factors, their effects on plastic materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to estimate the reaction of a plastic component during actual use. The article focuses on the determination of service temperature as it indicates the ability of a material to retain a certain property, when exposed to elevated temperatures for an extended period of time. It concludes by describing various degradation processes, namely, thermal degradation, thermal oxidative degradation, photooxidative degradation, environmental corrosion, and chemical corrosion and discussing the ways of detecting these degradation processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003194
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... μm CO 2 (CO 2 -He-N 2 gas laser)—10.6 μm Excitation Source: Ruby—pulsed xenon flash lamp Nd-Glass—pulsed xenon flash lamp YAG—pulsed xenon flash lamp; continuous wave (CW) tungsten or krypton lamp CO 2 —CW or pulsed electrical discharge Practical pulse repetition rate: Ruby—1–2 pulses/second...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of summary charts that provide data and information that are helpful in considering and selecting applicable processes alternative to the conventional material-removal processes. Process summary charts are provided for electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, chemical machining, abrasive jet machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, ultrasonic impact grinding, hydrodynamic machining, thermochemical machining, abrasive flow machining, and electrical discharge wire cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of indium in Europe has been in the manufacture of low-pressure sodium lamps, which are mainly used for outdoor lighting. The indium is applied as an oxide coating on the inside of the glass cylinder that forms the outer envelope of the lamp. The coating reflects the infrared waves emitted by the lamp while...
Abstract
This article focuses on the use of indium and bismuth in low-melting-temperature solders and fusible alloys. It describes how the two elements typically occur in nature and how they are recovered and processed for commercial use. It also provides information on designations, classification, composition, properties (including temperatures ranges), and some of the other ways in which indium and bismuth alloys are used.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... atomizer to dissociate the sample solutions into free atoms and sealed atomic line source spectral lamps. Early papers stressed the theoretical advantages of absorption as compared to emission methods of spectrochemical analyses; that is, atomic absorption is independent of the excitation potential...
Abstract
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is generally used for measuring relatively low concentrations of approximately 70 metallic or semimetallic elements in solution samples. This article describes several features that are common to three techniques, namely, AAS, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). It discusses the reasons for the extreme differences in AAS sensitivities that affect AFS and AES. The article provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the Smith/Hieftje system and two types of background correction systems, namely, the continuum-source background correction and Zeeman background correction. It also provides a list of applications of conventional AAS equipment, which includes most of the types of samples brought to laboratories for elemental analyses.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... lamps. Another category of glass is the aluminosilicates. The structure of these glasses is highly cohesive (fewer nonbridging oxygens), so they have better temperature resistance than the glasses mentioned above. Aluminosilicates are used in fiberglass, glass-ceramics, and electrical and electronic...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the types, properties, and applications of traditional and advanced ceramics and glasses. Principal product areas for traditional ceramics include whitewares, glazes, porcelain enamels, structural clay products, cements, and refractories. Advanced ceramics include electronic ceramics, optical ceramics, magnetic ceramics, and structural ceramics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... temperatures, a property that has restricted their use as high-temperature materials. Protective coating systems have been developed, mostly for niobium alloys, to permit their use in high-temperature oxidizing aerospace applications. At one time refractory metals were limited to use in lamp filaments...
Abstract
The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. They are readily degraded by oxidizing environments at moderately low temperatures. Protective coating systems have been developed, mostly for niobium alloys, to permit their use in high-temperature oxidizing aerospace applications. This article discusses the properties, processing, applications, and classes of refractory metals and its alloys, namely molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and rhenium. It also provides an outline of the coating processes used to improve their oxidation resistance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... (vitreous silica) High silica (Vycor) Plate Window Container Light bulb Tubing Lime tableware Low- expansion borosilicate Thermometer Borosilicate crown Lead tableware Halogen lamp Textile fiber (E-glass) S-glass Optic flint SiO 2 100.0 94.0 72.7 72.0 74.0 73.6 72.1 74.0 81.0...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on various types of glasses: traditional glasses, specialty glasses, and glass ceramics. It provides information on glazes and enamels and reviews the broad classes of ceramic materials. These include whitewares, structural clay products, technical ceramics, refractories, structural ceramics, engineering ceramics, and electronic and magnetic ceramics. General processing variables that can affect structure and compositional homogeneity are discussed. Traditional ceramics that include both oxide and nonoxide ceramics are also reviewed. The article concludes with several examples of engineering ceramics.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001833
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... the fracture is related to the components of the part. This should be followed by careful examination of the fracture by studying its image on the ground-glass back of the camera or through the viewfinder. The examination should begin with the use of direct lighting and should proceed by using various angles...
Abstract
This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification, and selection of lens aperture in a microscopic system. It illustrates the lighting techniques employed in photography and highlights the use of different films. The article concludes with a list of auxiliary equipment used in fracture surface photography.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of thermal expansion and coefficient of moisture expansion; glass transition temperature; thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and specific heat. lamina nonmechanical testing laminate nonmechanical testing nonmechanical properties composite materials ply thickness density coefficient of thermal...
Abstract
Characterization of nonmechanical properties is performed in the testing and certification of composite materials. This article focuses on the properties of composites that are commonly investigated. The properties include: per ply thickness; constituent content; density; coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of moisture expansion; glass transition temperature; thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and specific heat.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0009241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties...
Abstract
The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties and characteristics of carbon fibers in terms of axial structure, transverse structure, and interfacial bonding. The article discusses the typical applications of carbon fibers, including aerospace and sporting goods. It concludes with a discussion on anticipated developments in carbon fibers.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0005693
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... energy; primary electron energy E x x-ray energy EBIC electron beam induced current ECAP energy-compensated atom probe EDL electroless discharge lamp EDM electric discharge machining ELDOR electron-electron double resonance EMSA Electron...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract The large majority of the commercially important glasses are processed from a carefully calculated batch of raw materials that is then melted in special furnaces. Providing an introduction to melting practices of glass production, this article focuses on various finishing methods...
Abstract
The large majority of the commercially important glasses are processed from a carefully calculated batch of raw materials that is then melted in special furnaces. Providing an introduction to melting practices of glass production, this article focuses on various finishing methods of glass products, including forming, grinding and polishing, and explores the advantages, disadvantages and steps involved in sol-gel process. It also discusses the types, processes and properties of annealed, laminated, and tempered glass, and presents the steps involved in glass decoration. The article gives a detailed account of production, properties and application of fiberglass, optical fibers, glass spheres and ceramic glasses, and describes the forms, classification, compositions and properties of glass/metal and glass-ceramic/metal seals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... semiconductor packaging components, thermostat bimetals, incandescent light bulb glass seal leads (copper clad), and seal beam lamps. Dumet Wire Dumet wire is an alloy containing 42% Ni. It is clad with copper to provide improved electrical conductivity and to prevent gassing at the seal. It can replace...
Abstract
Low-expansion alloys are characterized by their dimensional stability, suiting them for applications such as geodetic tape, bimetal strip, glass-to-metal seals, and electronic components. This article describes the composition of such alloys along with related properties and behaviors. It explains how humidity and other factors, such as heat treating and cold drawing, influence thermal expansion rates. It also provides machining information on some of the more common low-expansion alloys, and reviews special alloy types including iron-cobalt-chromium alloys, hardenable alloys, and high-strength controlled-expansion alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001732
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... continuum source is the xenon are lamp, ranging from 150 to 450 W or more. Figure 5 illustrates the spectral distribution of the emission of a typical xenon lamp. Excitation-beam intensity can be increased further by using mirrored backing in the source compartment to redirect emitted light...
Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, and discusses the theory of fluorescence and its application to chemical analysis. It provides information on fluorescence that occurs in organic compounds and inorganic atoms and molecules. The article describes the instruments used in the spectroscopy, namely, radiation sources, sample holders, wavelength selectors, detectors, computers, and ratiometric instruments. The practical considerations include solvent effects, corrected spectra, wavelength calibration, temperature, and scattered light. The article also discusses the uses of some special techniques used in molecular fluorescence spectroscopy.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... 1830 Sintering compacts of various metals Europe 1859 Platinum fusion process 1870 Patent for bearing materials made from metal powders (forerunner of self-lubricating bearings) United States 1878–1900 Incandescent lamp filaments United States 1915–1930 Cemented carbides Germany...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) has been called a lost art. Long before furnaces were developed that could approach the melting point of metal, PM principles were used. This article provides an overview of the major historical developments of various methods of platinum powder production. The development of production methods took place in various phases starting from prehistoric time, post-war period, to recent and commercial period. The article discusses the powder metallurgy of platinum, as well as the commercial and post-war developments of PM. Literature and trade associations are also discussed.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
..., or polyester-base or glass-base scribing film (listed in order of increasing dimensional stability and permanence). The most common method used is to cut the pattern into a material called cut-and-peel rubylith, which consists of a red, strippable layer coated onto a stable, clear polyester base. The part...
Abstract
Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as chemical blanking, is a metal-etching process that uses a photoresist to define the locations where the metal will be etched. This article describes the major steps used in the PCM process, namely, the preparation of the phototool, selection of the metal, preparation of the workpiece, masking with photoresists, etching, and stripping and inspection. The article reviews various design considerations for the PCM process. These include dimensional limitations, tolerances, and edge quality. The article also discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the PCM process.
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