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Bernard S. Covino, Jr.
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Stephen D. Cramer, Steven A. Matthes
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Hermann A. Jehn, Andreas Zielonka
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Image
Correlation of corroded area at end of cyclic laboratory corrosion test wit...
Available to Purchase
in Electrochemical Techniques for In-Service Corrosion Monitoring
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 6 Correlation of corroded area at end of cyclic laboratory corrosion test with the time for the low-frequency impedance to decrease to 10 7 Ω. The different symbols represent different substrate materials.
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Corrosion Testing and Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... for techniques, examples of actual test data, and hints to help in interpretation. The topics covered include planning corrosion tests and evaluating results, laboratory corrosion testing, simulated service corrosion testing, in-service techniques for damage detection and monitoring, and evaluating forms...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the article under the section "Corrosion Testing and Evaluation" in ASM Handbook, Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection. This section presents fundamental information on step-by-step instructions for techniques, examples of actual test data, and hints to help in interpretation. The topics covered include planning corrosion tests and evaluating results, laboratory corrosion testing, simulated service corrosion testing, in-service techniques for damage detection and monitoring, and evaluating forms of corrosion.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Testing in the Atmosphere
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003649
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... laboratory corrosion tests in short of in-plant tests and actual service experience. This article provides a detailed discussion on the types of atmospheres used in simulated service testing. It describes the specifics of atmospheric-corrosion test that include equipment, test arrangement, and test specimen...
Abstract
Simulated service testing is the most reliable predictor of corrosion behavior that is important for specific objectives. These include materials selection, predicting the probable service life of a product or structure, evaluating new commercial alloys and processes, and calibrating laboratory corrosion tests in short of in-plant tests and actual service experience. This article provides a detailed discussion on the types of atmospheres used in simulated service testing. It describes the specifics of atmospheric-corrosion test that include equipment, test arrangement, and test specimen; factors affecting atmospheric corrosion; and evaluation of exposed atmospheric-corrosion panels. The article concludes with a discussion on the empirical model used for analyzing the atmospheric-corrosion measurements for estimating the service life of the part being evaluated.
Image
Laboratory test to evaluate condensate pitting corrosion. (a) Arrangement o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Laboratory test to evaluate condensate pitting corrosion. (a) Arrangement of sample. (b) Pitting condensate corrosion results for six exhaust alloys. Pit depths represent the average of the ten deepest pits. Details of the test procedure are given in text.
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Image
Sheet-metal crevice-corrosion hem flange coupon designed for laboratory cor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 21 Sheet-metal crevice-corrosion hem flange coupon designed for laboratory corrosion tests where both crevice and boldly exposed surface areas are created. With two samples, the test permits the mixing of base metal alloys.
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Book Chapter
Corrosion Testing of Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance. aqueous solutions coating-substrate systems corrosion corrosion behavior corrosion damage corrosion...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Introduction to the Selection of Nonferrous Corrosion-Resistant Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... laboratory corrosion testing. For many applications, nickel-base alloys are called upon to resist certain severe corrosion environments. Pure nickel has good resistance to reducing environment corrosion and is an excellent base upon which to build corrosion-resistant alloys. The atomic size, outer-shell...
Abstract
Improvement in the corrosion performance of a component or structure can be achieved through proper design, surface protection, proper material selection, or combinations of all three parameters. This is an introductory article on the selection of nonferrous corrosion-resistant materials.
Book Chapter
Electrochemical Techniques for In-Service Corrosion Monitoring
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... ). This predictive capability is illustrated in Fig. 6 . A variety of different coatings and substrates were prepared with a wide range of protective qualities and subjected to a cyclic laboratory corrosion test that automotive manufacturers have found predictive of service performance of materials. The time...
Abstract
A variety of electrochemical techniques are used to detect and monitor material deterioration in service or in the field. This article describes the static or direct current measurements in a number of applications, including buried pipelines and storage tanks. It reviews the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical noise measurements in a laboratory, especially for the inspection of coatings.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Corrosion Testing in Water
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of testing is important for such objectives as materials selection, predicting the probable service life of a product or structure, evaluating new commercial alloys and processes, and calibrating laboratory corrosion tests. The type of information sought determines the selection of test specimens...
Abstract
Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects. The ASTM International and NACE International standards that are directly or indirectly applicable to simulated service corrosion testing in water are tabulated. The article also describes the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved carbonates, such as calcium, magnesium, and/or sodium, in water on corrosion.
Book Chapter
Statistical Interpretation of Corrosion Test Results
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article details factors that have been used for evaluating the susceptibility of alloys to stress-corrosion cracking. Many considerations impacting the validity and accuracy of information gathered from laboratory testing programs are reviewed. The article highlights the main...
Abstract
This article details factors that have been used for evaluating the susceptibility of alloys to stress-corrosion cracking. Many considerations impacting the validity and accuracy of information gathered from laboratory testing programs are reviewed. The article highlights the main characteristics of probability distributions, such as normal distribution, log-normal distribution, exponential distribution, Poisson distribution, and extreme-value distribution. It also provides information on the statistical concepts to produce effective test programs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Form and metallurgical conditions of specimens (composition, quality grade) Cite standard methods employed (industry, government, or laboratory standards and guides) Treatment used to prepare specimens Visual-appearance remarks of each specimen before and after the corrosion testing Weights...
Abstract
Immersion testing is the most frequently conducted test for evaluating corrosion of metals in aqueous solutions. This article focuses on the basic factors that are considered in different conditions of immersion testing. These factors are solution composition, temperature, aeration, volume, velocity, and waterline effects; specimen surface preparation; method of immersion of specimens; duration of test; and method of cleaning specimens. The article discusses the different conditions of immersion testing, namely, full immersion condition, high temperature condition, partial immersion and vapor phase condition, and alternate immersion condition. It concludes with a checklist of items that should be included in a standard report of immersion tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...) in various seacoast and industrial environments. Specimens were 13 mm ( 1 2 in.) plate. Source: Ref 2 Accelerated laboratory tests do not precisely predict long-term corrosion behavior; however, answers are needed quickly in the development of new materials. For this reason, accelerated...
Abstract
Exfoliation is a structure-dependent form of localized intergranular corrosion that follows grain boundaries in the rolling direction of wrought materials, particularly aluminum alloys. Highly cold-worked materials with elongated grain boundaries tend to be most affected. The article provides information on accelerated salt spray and total-immersion testing methods to help rate the exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of various aluminum alloys and alloy compositions. It also discusses visual assessment challenges and identifies several ASTM designations and where and how they apply.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... The specimens should be readily accessible. Practical guidelines for laboratory immersion corrosion testing of metals are provided in ASTM G 31 ( Ref 2 ) and NACE International TM0169-2000 ( Ref 3 ). It is important to plan the experimental technique so that the test specimens are removed and the mass...
Abstract
Uniform corrosion refers to the attack on an exposed metal surface that results in homogeneous thickness loss that is evaluated by mass loss or measurement of thickness change. This article focuses on the various processes involved in mass loss tests, namely, selection and preparation of suitable test specimens, planning of the experimental technique, posttest sample cleaning, data acquisition, and reporting. It further discusses the test variables addressed during the experimental planning and provides an overview of the other test and evaluation methods of evaluating uniform corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... The plant data in Fig. 2 were obtained from coals or coal-derived fuels with chlorine contents ranging from 0.05 to 0.3%, resulting in 100 to 600 ppm HCl in the syngas ( Ref 1 ). Laboratory tests confirm that HCl contents in this range do not increase corrosion rates, at least not under the highly...
Abstract
This article focuses on high-temperature corrosion in synthetic gas (syngas) coolers. Extensive laboratory corrosion studies on both model and commercial alloys are summarized. The article describes the material selection criteria for long-term performance of materials in service. It provides information on the fuels with chlorine contents used in gasification plants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... for characterizing metal loss caused by uniform corrosion. It should be recognized that accelerated laboratory test methods allow ranking of relative susceptibility or resistance to pitting corrosion but typically do not provide reliable predictions of time to failure in actual service environments. Test Methods...
Abstract
Pitting is a form of localized corrosion that is often a concern in applications involving passivating metals and alloys in aggressive environments. This article describes the test methods for pitting corrosion. These methods include ASTM G 48, ASTM F 746, ASTM G 61, ASTM G 100, and electrochemical noise measurements. The visual examination, metallographic examination, and nondestructive inspection of pits are discussed. The article reviews the procedures for the use of standard charts, metal penetration, statistical analysis, and loss in mechanical properties to quantify the severity of pitting damage.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Testing of Implantable Medical Devices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... as understanding of the results and their possible errors and limitations. The corrosion performance tests of implants and implant materials are carried out in the laboratory ( in vitro ), but the results can and should be eventually supported by analyses of specimens from animal studies or implants retrieved...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Evaluating Erosion Corrosion, Cavitation, and Impingement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... Ruedisueli R.L. and Aylor D.M. , “Erosion Resistance Testing for Candidate Seawater Valve Materials , Paper 468, NACE International , 2001 13. Matsumura M. , Oka Y. , Okumoto S. , and Furuya H. , Jet-in-Slit Test for Studying Erosion-Corrosion , Laboratory Corrosion...
Abstract
Erosion, cavitation, and impingement are mechanically assisted forms of material degradation that often contribute to corrosive wear. This article identifies and describes several tests that are useful for ranking the service potential of candidate materials under such conditions. The tests, designed by ASTM as G32, G73, G75, and G76, define specimen preparation, test conditions, procedures, and data interpretation. The article examines the relative influence of various test parameters on the incubation and intensity of cavitation, including temperature, pressure, flow velocity, and vibration dynamics. It concludes with a discussion on data correlations and the relationship between laboratory results and service expectations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003663
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., and laboratory testing methods of evaluating galvanic corrosion. The laboratory tests fall into two categories, namely, electrochemical tests and specimen exposures. component testing computer scale modeling electrochemical testing galvanic corrosion laboratory testing method physical scale modeling...
Abstract
Galvanic corrosion, although listed as one of the forms of corrosion, is considered as a type of corrosion mechanism that is evaluated by modifying the tests used for conventional forms of corrosion. This article focuses on component testing, computer and physical scale modeling, and laboratory testing methods of evaluating galvanic corrosion. The laboratory tests fall into two categories, namely, electrochemical tests and specimen exposures.
Book Chapter
Laboratory Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... environments for coating failure analysis. chromatography differential scanning calorimetry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy laboratory corrosion testing microscopic visual examination scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of common analytical tools used as part of the process of providing practical information regarding the causes of a coating problem or failure. The common analytical tools include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Test cabinets and standard test environments for laboratory analysis are reviewed. The article describes non-standard simulation testing and case studies of simulated environments for coating failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Qualification Testing for Coating System Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... Abstract Independent verification of coating system performance can be based on laboratory testing and/or field exposure. Qualification testing is a critical component to coating system selection. This article focuses on performance evaluations that are used to prequalify coating systems...
Abstract
Independent verification of coating system performance can be based on laboratory testing and/or field exposure. Qualification testing is a critical component to coating system selection. This article focuses on performance evaluations that are used to prequalify coating systems, namely, facility-specific, industry-specific, coating-type-specific, or a combination of these. It describes the standard laboratory tests used to generate performance data, namely, physical, compositional, chemical exposure, and application characteristics tests. The pros and cons of using manufacturer-generated data versus independently generated data are discussed. The article provides information on accelerated corrosion/weathering testing and nuclear level 1/level 2 service coatings qualification. It also describes the procedures for establishing minimum performance requirements and for determining when requalification testing may be required.
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