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knee joint simulators
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 9 Knee joint simulator used to evaluate magnitude and distribution of wear in a total replacement knee joint. (a) Complete machine setup showing test apparatus and accompanying state-of-the-art monitoring/recording instrumentation. (b) Closeup view of test cell showing knee joint implant
More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... simulators and knee joint simulators, to evaluate the performance of engineering tribological components in machine simulators. The article concludes with a section on the in vivo assessment of total joint replacement performance. ceramics friction hip joint simulators in vivo assessment knee joint...
Abstract
Total joint replacement in orthopedic surgery can be achieved by excision, interposition, and replacement arthroplasty. This article details the most common materials used in total replacement synovial joints: metals, ceramics, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The principal physical properties and tribological characteristics of these materials are summarized. The article discusses pin-on-disk experiments and pin-on-plate experiments for determining friction and wear characteristics. It explains the use of various types of joint simulators, such as hip joint simulators and knee joint simulators, to evaluate the performance of engineering tribological components in machine simulators. The article concludes with a section on the in vivo assessment of total joint replacement performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... of tribological pairs, namely, hip-wear simulation standards, knee-wear simulation standards, and spinal disc-wear simulation standards. friction wear medical implants prosthetic devices amphiarthosis joints diarthosis joints mechanical stability nonconstrained knee replacement semiconstrained knee...
Abstract
The human internal environment plays a vital role in the friction and wear of implants and prosthetic devices. This article describes the tribological/wear behavior of implants. It discusses the classification of active tribological pairs, namely, amphiarthosis joints and diarthosis joints. The article details the classification of total knee replacement, depending on the type of mechanical stability, including nonconstrained knee replacement, semiconstrained knee replacement, and constrained knee replacement. It also discusses the classifications of passive tribological pairs, namely, total disc replacement in the spine, dental implants, and temporomandibular joint. It describes the various testing methods for characterizing the implant materials used in hip, knee, spine, and dental applications. The article also describes the typical standards used for testing wear behavior of tribological pairs, namely, hip-wear simulation standards, knee-wear simulation standards, and spinal disc-wear simulation standards.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 27 Shape and finite element method mesh from the tibial knee-joint forming simulations. From top to bottom: at the end of the blocker, finisher, and restrike operations
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 27 Shape and finite element method mesh from the tibial knee-joint forming simulations. From top to bottom: at the end of the blocker, finisher, and restrike operations
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005656
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract Porous coatings are used in the field of joint replacement, particularly in cementless total hip/knee arthroplasty. This article reviews the offerings and biomaterial properties in orthopedic surgery for the contemporary class of highly porous metals. It describes the traditional...
Abstract
Porous coatings are used in the field of joint replacement, particularly in cementless total hip/knee arthroplasty. This article reviews the offerings and biomaterial properties in orthopedic surgery for the contemporary class of highly porous metals. It describes the traditional porous metals/coatings having an open-cell structure, high porosity, and a microstructure resembling that of the cancellous bone. The traditional porous metal/coating includes fiber-metal mesh, cobalt-chromium (CoCr) beads, cancellous-structured titanium, and plasma spray. The article discusses other porous metals/coatings that have been developed due to the limitations of traditional porous metals for numerous open-cell-structured metals, such as titanium-base foams and trabecular metals.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005741
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
.... Artificial joints are used to replace diseased biological joints in hips, knees, shoulders, elbows, wrists, fingers, and so on. The typical hip joint implant is composed of four components: a stem, head, insert, and shell ( Fig. 1 ). Other joints have similar components but different geometries. A stem...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of how thermal spray technology has adapted to meet the needs of the orthopaedic industry. It includes the challenges facing the development of artificial joints, substrate material selection criteria, thermal spray solutions, and clinical outcomes of thermal spray coatings. The article focuses on plasma thermal spray, which is the technique most often used to make porous titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings, such as thermal spray titanium, thermal spray HA, solution-precipitated HA, thermal spray chromium oxide, and thermal spray chromium carbide cermet coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... loading) are limited to the elastic knee in the adhesive shear stress-strain curve. Fig. 6 The effect of adhesive plasticity on joint load-carrying capability. See Fig. 4 for explanation of symbols. Original specimen dimensions given in inches Thermoset Composites (Carbon-epoxy...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006966
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
..., the magnitude and direction of loading on the implants is significantly different than hips. Knee joints must be able to withstand approximately 2 to 3 bodyweights while walking and up to 20 bodyweights when landing from a jump ( Ref 91 ). Fig. 4 (a) Graphic image of a conventional implant currently used...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of currently available metal AM processes for the medical industry; outlines a step-by-step review of the typical workflow for design, manufacturing, evaluation, and implantation of patient-specific AM devices; and examines the existing research trends in medical applications of AM with specific focus on metallic biomedical implants. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future developments in AM pertaining to the medical field are also explored.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... because, in practice, only the extruded part of the dies is lubricated; the coined section is formed dry. Figure 27 shows the tibial part at the end of the blocker, finisher, and restrike simulations. Fig. 27 Shape and finite element method mesh from the tibial knee-joint forming simulations...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the overall development of the finite element method (FEM) and its contribution to the materials forming industry. It presents an overview of FEM methodologies and applications in the order of their usage in typical manufacturing (bulk forming process) process sequence: primary materials processing, hot forging and cold forming, and product assembly. The article discusses the material fracture and dies stress analysis and presents the optimization techniques used in 2-D and 3-D preform die design.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005539
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... the tibial part at the end of the blocker, finisher, and restrike simulations. Fig. 27 Shape and finite element method mesh from the tibial knee-joint forming simulations. From top to bottom: at the end of the blocker, finisher, and restrike operations Furnace temperatures were specified as 940...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the overall development of the finite element method (FEM) and its contribution to the materials forming industry. It focuses on the overall philosophy and evolution of the FEM for solving bulk forming issues. A number of applications of FEM are presented in the order they would be used in a typical manufacturing process sequence: primary materials processing, hot forging and cold forming, and product assembly. The article discusses four FEM modules: the deformation model, the heat-transfer model, the microstructural model, and the carbon diffusion model. The article also covers material fracture and die stress analysis and reviews optimization of the design of forming processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005682
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... such as hips, knees, and shoulders perform due to the combined efforts of articular cartilage, a load-bearing connective tissue covering the bones involved in the joints, and synovial fluid, a nutrient fluid secreted within the joint area ( Ref 2 , Ref 3 , Ref 4 ). However, these joints are more often than...
Abstract
This article outlines the selection criteria for choosing an implant material for biomedical devices in orthopedic, dental, soft-tissue, and cardiovascular applications. It details the development of various implants, such as metallic, ceramic, and polymeric implants. The article discusses specific problems associated with implant manufacturing processes and the consequent compromises in the properties of functionally graded implants. It describes the manufacturing of the functionally-graded hip implant by using the LENS process. The article reviews four different types of tissue responses to the biomaterial. It discusses the testing methods of implant failure, such as in vitro and in vivo assessment of tissue compatibility.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006889
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... of the biological response of CoCr alloys; the self-passivation surface of the alloy due to chromium ion provides corrosion resistance in devices such as articulating artificial hip and knee joints. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys...
Abstract
This article discusses some of the additive manufacturing (AM) based fabrication of alloys and their respective mechanical, electrochemical, and in vivo performance. Firstly, it briefly discusses the three AM techniques that are most commonly used in the fabrication of metallic biomedical-based devices: binder jetting, powder-bed fusion, and directed-energy deposition. The article then characterizes the electrochemical properties of additive-manufactured/processed cobalt-chromium alloys. This is followed by sections providing an evaluation of the biological response to CoCr alloys in terms of the material and 3D printing fabrication. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys in static conditions (in vitro), in dynamic physiological conditions (in vivo), and in computer-simulated conditions (in silico) are further discussed in detail. Finally, the article provides information on the qualification and certification of AM-processed medical devices.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005673
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
...; stainless steel Total joint prostheses Replacement of total joints with metal and plastic components (shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, and great toe): humeral, femoral (hip and knee), talus, and metalarsal components; type 316 L stainless steel Wires Internal tension band wiring of bone fragments...
Abstract
Stainless steels are used for medical implants and surgical tools due to the excellent combination of properties, such as cost, strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of cleaning. This article describes the classifications of stainless steels, such as austenitic stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels. It contains a table that lists common medical device applications for stainless steels. The article discusses the physical metallurgy and physical and mechanical properties of stainless steels. Medical device considerations for stainless steels, such as fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, and passivation techniques, are reviewed. The article explains the process features of implant-grade stainless steels, including type 316L, type 316LVM, nitrogen-strengthened, ASTM F1314, ASTM F1586, ASTM F2229, and ASTM F2581 stainless steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006905
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
...-aided design that fits the bones of a patient; then, AM technology can be used to produce the device. Novel attempts at using such technology have been examined for bone replacement devices such as artificial hip joints, which include the acetabular cup and head ( Ref 26 ), and total knee replacement...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM) methods, the three-dimensional (3D)-AM-related market, and the medical additive manufactured applications. It focuses on the current scenario and future developments related to metal AM for medical applications. The discussion covers the benefits of using 3D-AM technology in the medical field, provides specific examples of medical devices fabricated by AM, reviews trends in metal implant development using AM, and presents future prospects for the development of novel high-performance medical devices via metal 3D-additive manufacturing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... strength and physical properties, allowing their customization for specific applications ( Ref 2 ). In addition, they are malleable and ductile. For instance, their rigidity can be modulated for use as knee implants or endovascular stents. They are also suitable as bearing materials in the medical field...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion resistance and ion release from main transition metallic bearings used as medical devices. It discusses the main issues associated with the in vivo presence of ions and their biocompatibility during the exposure of patients to different aspects of ion toxicity. These include ion concentration and accumulation in organisms, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, and carcinogenicity stimulated by the corrosion process and toxic ions release.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006906
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Fixation simulation on a 3D-printed acetabular model. (a) 3D-printed, patient-specific plate model. (b) 3D-printed acetabular model. (c) Match test of the 3D-printed, patient-specific plate and 3D-printed acetabular model. (d) Simulation of all 3.5 mm (0.14 in.) screw insertions (arrow). (e) Simulation...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), or three-dimensional printing, has ushered in an era of mass customization in the many different industries in which it is used. The use of the personalized surgical instrument (PSI) is no exception. Initially, PSIs were not a result of the use of AM; rather, what occurred is an improvement in their methods of manufacturing. This article discusses the fundamentals, benefits, manufacturing, and other application examples beyond orthopedics of PSIs. In addition, an outlook of AM in biomedical applications is also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is relatively easy to simulate. More complicated is the articulation of the knee and the various types of knee prostheses that compromise the original motion range. Prostheses are also available for the humeral head (shoulder), elbow and finger joints, the ankle, and the jaw ( Fig. 1 ). Most total joint...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005674
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... cases, heart valve parts, and load-bearing bone or hip joint replacements or bone splints. Hip replacements are a common biomedical application of titanium alloys today (2011), and nearly half of all knee replacements use titanium. Other biomedical applications include: Expandable titanium rib...
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have been used extensively in a wide variety of implant applications, such as artificial heart pumps, pacemaker cases, heart valve parts, and load-bearing bone or hip joint replacements or bone splints. This article discusses the properties of titanium and its alloys and presents a list of titanium-base biomaterials. Titanium components are produced in wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy (PM) form. The article describes forging, casting, and heat treating of titanium alloys for producing titanium components. Typical mechanical properties of titanium biomedical implant alloys are listed in a tabular form. The article presents an overview of the surface-modification methods for titanium and its alloys implants. It concludes with a section on biocompatibility and in vivo corrosion of titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... There appears to be little question that serum and tissue metal ion levels experience an increase in the early postoperative period, particularly for total joint replacements, but most investigators have shown a decrease in metal ion levels after a period of time, although not always to presurgical levels...
Abstract
In the field of medical device development and testing, the corrosion of metallic parts can lead to significant adverse effects on the biocompatibility of the device. This article describes the mechanisms of metal and alloy biocompatibility. It reviews the response of implant metals and particulate materials to corrosion. The effect of metal ions from an implanted device on the human body is also discussed. The article concludes with information on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials.
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