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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling. absorbed beam power conduction-mode welding cutting drilling electron beam...
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 4 Constant power density boundaries showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling More
Book Chapter

By Ian D. Harris
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001357
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Plasma arc welding (PAW) can be defined as a gas-shielded arc welding process where the coalescence of metals is achieved via the heat transferred by an arc that is created between a tungsten electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the melt-in mode and the keyhole mode...
Book Chapter

By Ian D. Harris
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005582
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... operating modes, often described as the melt-in mode and the keyhole mode: The melt-in-mode refers to a weld pool similar to that which typically forms in the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process, where a bowl-shaped portion of the workpiece material that is under the arc is melted...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005636
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... for conduction-mode laser and electron beam welding. Heat transfer in keyhole-mode laser and electron beam welding is much more complex. Similar to the handling of heat transfer from metal droplets in GMAW, heat transfer from the keyhole can be either simulated directly or approximated using a volumetric heat...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... or keyhole containing evaporated atoms of the substrate and ionized gas. These conditions are illustrated for diffuse and concentrated intensity distributions in Fig. 7 and 8 , respectively, and coarsely reflect the two primary conditions for beam welding, that is, conduction- and keyhole-mode welding...
Book Chapter

By Brian M. Victor
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... a keyhole in the metal, providing both deep penetration and high processing speeds. These two modes are described in the section “Modes of Operation” in this article. In addition, the major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables...
Book Chapter

By W. Zhang
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... by welding parameters and material properties ( Ref 23 ); unsteady Marangoni flow in a molten consisting of immiscible dissimilar metals ( Ref 24 ); welding of stainless steel plates containing different concentrations of sulfur ( Ref 25 ); heat transfer and fluid flow during keyhole mode laser welding ( Ref...
Book Chapter

By C.R. Heiple, P. Burgardt
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... and, when it falls into the keyhole at irregular times, it nearly fills the cavity and produces large penetration variations. Gas Metal Arc Welding Fluid flow certainly occurs in GMA weld pools, but reports on the details of its nature and effects are quite limited. In the spray transfer mode...
Book Chapter

By Erik Miller, Shuang Liu
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... the weldability of aluminum alloys, such as dual spot welding for keyhole stability, pulsed mode for eliminating solidification cracking, laser spot stirring for porosity suppression, and laser-hybrid methods for improving gap-bridging ability and weld penetration depth. The addition of filler metal can...
Image
Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 1 Modes of laser welding. (a) Conduction-limited laser welding. (b) Penetration (keyhole) laser welding. Source: Ref 5 More
Book Chapter

By Randolph Paura
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... for more details.) Penetration (keyhole-mode) laser welding occurs when laser power density is above the vaporization threshold for the parent material ( Fig. 1 ). Penetration (keyhole) welding is accomplished when the focused beam achieves a power density greater than the critical value (∼10 6 W/cm 2...
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the (a) melt-in or conduction versus (b) keyhole modes in high-energy-density welding processes, including plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding. Source: Ref 2 More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the heat source for high-energy-density welding, one first needs to determine the type of welding process being formulated. Depending on the weld parameters, high-energy-density welding can simulate either a conduction-mode weld process or a keyhole weld process. If a strict conduction-mode weld process...
Book Chapter

By Tim Webber, Thomas Lieb, J. Mazumder
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., such as aluminum and copper, Nd:YAG, disc, and fiber lasers have better coupling, especially for conduction-mode welding, because of their shorter wavelength (1.06 μm). When conduction-mode welding of all materials, and even in keyhole welding of reflective material, care should be taken to prevent reflected...
Book Chapter

By Jyoti Mazumder
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam...
Book Chapter

By Gerald A. Knorovsky
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005639
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... of comparable intensity. With a sufficiently energetic beam (laser or electron), a keyhole may develop in the weld fusion zone; in macrowelds, the laser beam may reflect within the keyhole several times, multiplying the single-event absorption efficiency by the number of reflections ( Ref 21...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005615
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... instantaneous local melting and vaporization of the workpiece material. This high power density characteristic can lead to keyhole formation. Keyhole-mode welding distinguishes EBW (and other high energy density processes) from other welding methods. Principles of Operation To illustrate the nature...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006956
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... of metals together using a laser energy source. The use of x-ray transmission coupled with a high-speed camera to observe keyhole behavior and bubble formation in the melt pool of laser welding processes started in 1975 at Osaka University ( Ref 12 – 14 ). Figure 1 shows an example of an experimental...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., the isotherms will degenerate into surfaces that are parallel to the welding x -direction, as shown in Fig. 2 ( Ref 1 ). Conduction of heat will then occur exclusively in the directions normal to the x -axis, meaning that the mode of heat flow becomes essentially two-dimensional (i.e., restricted to the y...