Fig. 42 Burned-off journal stub. The long, thinned-out journal indicates that the bearing was hot over a long time period and is associated with an outer cone failure More

Fig. 42 Micrographs of a failed crankshaft main-bearing journal. (a) Cope side showing the surface broken open with raised areas. (b) Drag side, with fewer raised areas and almost no broken-open surface. Both 50× More

Fig. 43 Longitudinal sections from the main-bearing journal. (a) From the cope side. (b) From the drag side. Note the more numerous graphite nodules in (a). Both etched with nital. 60× More

Fig. 44 Micrograph from the cope side of the main-bearing journal. Ferrite caps, which partially cover the graphite nodules and cause the broken-open surface condition, are shown. The burrs rise above the surface from 4 to 13 μm. Etched with nital. 220× More

Fig. 26 Forged 1040 steel main-bearing journal that failed in fatigue. Top: Section showing cracks originating at coarse sulfide inclusions. Dimensions given in inches. Bottom: Macrograph of a 5%-nital-etched section showing the segregated inclusions (dark areas). 4× More

Fig. 14 Both sides of a journal-to-head failure in a cast iron paper-roll dryer. (a) Bottom of failed dryer. (b) The failed bolted-on head More

Fig. 118 Both sides of a journal-to-head failure in a cast iron paper-roll dryer. (a) Bottom of failed dryer. (b) Failed bolted-on head More

Fig. 4 Initiation site of axle 1, indicated by blue arrow, bearing side of journal More

Fig. 12 One-half of wheelset showing journal fillet (blue arrow), backing ring blend radius (white arrow), cartridge bearing, and end cap (at left) More

Fig. 14 Fracture surface of subject journal, axle side (arrow indicates initiation location) More

Fig. 15 Fracture surface of subject journal, bearing side (arrow indicates initiation location) More

Fig. 16 Overall view of mate journal after bearing removal More

Fig. 17 Close-up view of mate journal. Left side of image is dust guard, then Tectyl-covered fillet, transitioning to seal wear ring area. Corrosion pits visible on journal diameter onto fillet More

Fig. 18 Failed journal after cleaning at initiation site, with mechanical damage present More

Fig. 19 Failed journal after cleaning. Pitting is visibly present near the initiation region More

Fig. 20 Mate journal after cleaning, with pitting present in the fillet region More

Fig. 22 Secondary cracking emanating from pitting on the failed journal More

Fig. 25 Mate journal pitting with grinding marks present in the bare metal of the pit More

Fig. 26 Mate journal pit with grinding marks following the contours of the pit walls More

Fig. 27 Overall view of failed axle journal. The locking plate data are stamped on both bearings to provide information to the bearing installer as to whether the bearing is new or reconditioned, including the month and year of installation. In this case, it was found that the bearing had been More