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Book Chapter
Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... describes various plating methods, such as pulse electroplating, electroless plating, brush plating, and jet plating. It reviews the types of electrodeposited coatings, including hard coatings and soft coatings. The article also details the materials available for electroplating, including electroplated...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals of electroplating processes, including pre-electroplating and surface-preparation processes. It illustrates the four layers of a plating system, namely, top or finish coat, undercoat, strike or flash, and base material layers. The article describes various plating methods, such as pulse electroplating, electroless plating, brush plating, and jet plating. It reviews the types of electrodeposited coatings, including hard coatings and soft coatings. The article also details the materials available for electroplating, including electroplated chromium, electroplated nickel, electroless (autocatalytic) nickel, electroless nickel composite coatings, electroplated gold, and platinum group coatings. These are specifically tailored toward plated coatings for friction, lubrication, and wear technology. The article concludes with a discussion on the common issues encountered with electroplating.
Image
Cadmium-plated 4140 steel nuts from a military jet engine that failed by LM...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Cadmium-plated 4140 steel nuts from a military jet engine that failed by LME. (a) Fragmented and cracked nuts. (b) Typical fracture surface. (c) Electron fractograph showing brittle intergranular fracture
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Image
Cadmium-plated 4140 steel nuts from a military jet engine that failed by li...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 16 Cadmium-plated 4140 steel nuts from a military jet engine that failed by liquid metal induced embrittlement. (a) Fragmented and cracked nuts. (b) Typical fracture surface. (c) Electron fractograph showing brittle intergranular failure
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... techniques are used to produce tube-to-tube welds or tubular clads. Spot welding and seam welding techniques, as well as others, are also used in certain situations. All of these techniques require the jet to travel in a straight line between the two metal surfaces (see the section “Flyer Plate Acceleration...
Abstract
Explosion welding (EXW), also known as explosive bonding, is accomplished by a high-velocity oblique impact between two metals. This article describes the practice of producing an explosive bond/weld and draws on many previous research results in order to explain the mechanisms involved. It provides a schematic illustration of the arrangement used in the parallel gap explosive bonding process. The article discusses several important concepts pertaining to explosive parameters, hydrodynamic flow, jetting, and metal properties. It summarizes the criteria used to model the explosive bonding process. The article describes bond morphology in terms of wave formation, bond microstructure, and bond strength determination.
Book Chapter
Post-Processing of Additively Manufactured Metal Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article describes post-processing techniques for machining, finishing, heat treating, and deburring used to remove additive manufacturing (AM) metallic workpieces from a base plate and subsequent techniques to enhance printed workpieces. The AM processes include powder bed fusion...
Abstract
This article describes post-processing techniques for machining, finishing, heat treating, and deburring used to remove additive manufacturing (AM) metallic workpieces from a base plate and subsequent techniques to enhance printed workpieces. The AM processes include powder bed fusion, binder jetting, and direct energy deposition. The discussion provides information on powder removal, powder recycling and conditioning, part removal, and part enhancement. The mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of mechanical, radiation, and chemical-finishing processes as well as the properties of the resulting material are also covered.
Book Chapter
A Brief History of the Development of Thermal Spray Processes and Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005713
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... known as high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) was invented by G.H. Smith, J.F. Pelton, and R.C. Eschenbach (U.S. Patent 2,861,900). The process was initially used only by Union Carbide, with the coatings sold in the 1960s to 1970s on a service basis as Jet Plating coatings. The process was reintroduced...
Abstract
Significant expansion of thermal spray technology occurred with the invention of plasma spray, detonation gun, and high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) deposition technologies. This article provides a brief history of the major initiating inventions/developments of thermal spray processes. It provides information on feedstock materials developed for specific thermal spray processes.
Book Chapter
Spray Quenching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... and jet types can be used, as shown in Fig. 6 . Spray quenching follows the boiling cure. The water droplet accelerates the quenching process by rupturing the vapor layer. The vapor layer is formed when water droplets from the spray touch the hot surface, and the liquid in contact with the plate...
Abstract
Spray quenching refers to a wide variety of quenching processes that involve heat removal facilitated by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. This article provides information on the basic concepts of spray quenching, and discusses the most commonly used techniques in quench tank agitation to establish uniformity of the quenched part. Common techniques include quenchant stirring, quenchant circulation, and submerged jet/spray mixing. The article also describes the effect of quenching agitation and reviews heat-transfer characteristics of immersion quenching and spray quenching with water.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005602
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... plate, accelerating it downward and causing an oblique impact with the other metal, or base plate. It is necessary that this impact have sufficient energy to cause the colliding metal surfaces to flow hydrodynamically. Upon impact, conservation of momentum results in a reentrant jetting action...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the important mechanistic aspects of explosion welding (EXW), the process-material interactions, and the critical aspects or parameters that must be controlled. The procedure for ensuring the control of process parameters is also discussed. The article explains the primary variables used to predict EXW parameters and the characteristics of the explosion weld. It concludes with a description of the manufacturing process and practice, and applications of the EXW.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a process that removes material from a workpiece through the use of abrasive particles entrained in a high-velocity gas stream. This article discusses the operation of principal components, advantages, and disadvantages of the AJM system. It describes...
Abstract
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a process that removes material from a workpiece through the use of abrasive particles entrained in a high-velocity gas stream. This article discusses the operation of principal components, advantages, and disadvantages of the AJM system. It describes several factors that determine the characteristics of the AJM process. These include flow rates of the jet stream, type and size of abrasive powders, and distance between the workpiece and nozzle.
Image
Four major variations of radial plating cell design. (a) CAROSEL radial cel...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
anodes are inserted into the cell. Source: Ref 37 . (c) A radial cell with insoluble anodes and small-diameter conductor rolls in either side of the guide roll. Source: Ref 38 . (d) Radial Jet Cell developed primarily for tin plating, not yet in commercial use. Source: Ref 39
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Image
A complete fine-blanking process. (a) Strip stock is fed into position when...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
force. This force acts to strip the skeleton from the blanking plate and eject the inner-shape scrap. (g) The ejector force pushes the finished fine-blanked part out of the die plate into the tool space. (h) The strip is fed forward, and the part and the scrap are removed mechanically or by an air jet
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Image
Use of air-carbon arc cutting to produce a groove in a plate. Electrode hol...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Use of air-carbon arc cutting to produce a groove in a plate. Electrode holder is equipped with a jet of compressed air in line with the electrode to blow away the molten metal.
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Image
Parallel-plate explosion welding process. (a) Explosion-cladding assembly b...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 6 Parallel-plate explosion welding process. (a) Explosion-cladding assembly before detonation. (b) Explosion-cladding assembly during detonation. (c) Close-up of (b) showing mechanism for jetting away the surface layer from the parent layer
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Book Chapter
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Explosion Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... intersects the zero pressure line or abscissa is the minimum prime plate velocity necessary to obtain the desired pressure and accompanying dynamic flow and jetting necessary for welding to occur. Fig. 4 Plot of high pressure versus particle velocity typically used to determine the prime component...
Abstract
Explosion welding (EXW), like all other welding or joining processes, has a well defined set of input parameters or conditions that must fall within certain limits for the desired weld quality to be achieved. This article provides an overview of the important mechanistic aspects of EXW, the process-material interactions, and the critical aspects or parameters that must be controlled. The commercially used metals and alloys that can be joined with EXW are listed in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on parametric limits for EXW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... and concentric cylinders ( Ref 14 ). Fig. 6 Parallel-plate explosion welding process. (a) Explosion-cladding assembly before detonation. (b) Explosion-cladding assembly during detonation. (c) Close-up of (b) showing mechanism for jetting away the surface layer from the parent layer Basic Parameters...
Abstract
Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid-state metal-joining process that uses explosive force to create an electron-sharing metallurgical bond between two metal components. This article discusses the process attributes of EXW, including metallurgical attributes, metal combinations, size limitations, configuration limitations, and bond zone morphology. It provides an overview of the common industrial applications and shop welding applications of EXW products. The article reviews different safety standards and regulations, such as noise and vibration abatement and process geometry. It concludes with a section on the EXW process sequence for welding a two-component flat plate product.
Book Chapter
Machining, Trimming, and Routing of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... plated, brazed diamond, diamond coated carbide, and polycrystalline cutting tools. The article also describes cutting tool materials that are used for peripheral milling, face milling, and the trimming of polymer-matrix composites. machining carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy epoxy thermoset composite...
Abstract
This article describes the machining operations of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy, or carbon/epoxy thermoset composite materials, such as drilling, reaming, routing, trimming, end milling, slot milling, and facing. It reviews cutting tools for machining, including solid carbide, diamond plated, brazed diamond, diamond coated carbide, and polycrystalline cutting tools. The article also describes cutting tool materials that are used for peripheral milling, face milling, and the trimming of polymer-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Material Jetting of Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... larger than the width of the array of print heads, the print block shifts incrementally along the y -axis. Once the layer is completed, the build plate lowers ( z -axis) by the distance of one layer thickness to accommodate the jetting of the subsequent layer. Fig. 1 Schematic of photopolymer...
Abstract
Material jetting (MJ) is a classification of additive manufacturing processes that involves the selective jetting and subsequent solidification of liquid droplets onto a substrate in a layerwise manner. This article focuses solely on MJ of polymers, providing a process overview and describing the functional characteristics that distinguish it from other AM technologies. It provides information on the properties and design considerations of both build and support materials. Process-related effects on final part properties and overall quality, as well as corresponding design considerations are also covered. The article also discusses the applications and future scope of polymer MJ systems.
Image
Service failure of a low-alloy steel nut by LMIE. Cadmium-plated, 4140 low-...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Service failure of a low-alloy steel nut by LMIE. Cadmium-plated, 4140 low-alloy steel (44 HRC) nuts were inadvertently used on bolts for clamps used to join ducts that carried hot (500 °C, or 930 °F) air from the compressor of a military jet engine. (a) The nuts were fragmented
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Image
Service failure of a low-alloy steel nut by liquid-metal-induced embrittlem...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 4 Service failure of a low-alloy steel nut by liquid-metal-induced embrittlement (LMIE). Cadmium-plated, 4140 low-alloy steel (44 HRC) nuts were inadvertently used on bolts for clamps used to join ducts that carried hot (500 °C, or 930 °F) air from the compressor of a military jet engine
More
Book Chapter
Ultrasonic and Thermal Metal Embedding for Polymer Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... generally been relegated to flat, planar surfaces. Aerosol jetting and microdispensing have been the dominant processes used to selectively deposit inks onto a variety of surfaces. These inks can have functions including behaving as conductors, dielectrics, or even semiconductors ( Ref 2 , 3...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the implementation of wire embedding with ultrasonic energy and thermal embedding for polymer additive manufacturing, discussing the applications and advantages of the technique. The mechanical and electrical performance of the embedded wires is compared with that of other conductive ink processes in terms of electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
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