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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003985
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Hot-die forging and isothermal forging are unique forging methods developed to forge materials that are difficult or impossible to forge by conventional means. This article presents a comparative study on hot-die forging and isothermal forging. It discusses forging parameters, process...
Abstract
Hot-die forging and isothermal forging are unique forging methods developed to forge materials that are difficult or impossible to forge by conventional means. This article presents a comparative study on hot-die forging and isothermal forging. It discusses forging parameters, process selection considerations, design guidelines, alloy types and selection, and the advantages and disadvantages of hot-die forging and isothermal forging. The article discusses the application of the finite-element analysis modeling to design.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 2 Comparison of conventional and isothermal forging for a typical cross section from a jet engine turbine disk. Isothermal forging reduces the raw material weight requirement by 55 kg (119 lb)
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Published: 01 January 2005
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Published: 01 January 2005
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 14 Ductile failure during isothermal forging of Ti-49.5Al-2.5Nb-1.1Mn at 1150 °C (2100 °F) and a strain rate of 0.1 s −1 . (a) Macrograph of free surface cracking. (b) Micrograph showing cavitation near the bulged free surface. (c) Comparison of finite-element-method predictions
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Published: 30 September 2015
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 6 Tensile properties of extruded plus isothermally forged PM N18 compared to PM Astroloy and PM IN-100 (N18 heat treatment: 1165 °C (2130 °F)/4 h/cooled at 100 °C/min + 700 °C (1292 °F)/24 h/air cool + 800 °C (1472 °F)/4 h/air cool). Source: Ref 29
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 7 Larson-Miller creep rupture curves for extruded plus isothermally forged PM N18 compared to PM Astroloy and PM IN-100 (N18 heat treatment: 1165 °C (2130 °F)/4 h/cooled at 100 °C/min + 700 °C (1292 °F)/24 h/air cool + 800 °C (1472 °F)/4 h/air cool). Astr., Astroloy; Str. rupt., stress
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 8 Crack growth rates at 650 °C (1202 °F) for extruded plus isothermally forged PM N18 compared to PM Astroloy and PM IN-100 (N18 heat treatment: 1165 °C (2130 °F)/4 h/cooled at 100 °C/min + 700 °C (1292 °F)/24 h/air cool + 800 °C (1472 °F)/4 h/air cool). Source: Ref 29
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 12 Example of an 8000 ton isothermal forge press. Billet preheat chamber, transfer mechanisms, forge dies, and induction heating coils are all enclosed with a vacuum chamber. Courtesy of Pratt & Whitney
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Published: 01 January 2005
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 14 Contour map of predicted strain rate for an isothermally forged turbine disk at a time point where strain rates peak at critical locations
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 As-isothermally forged Alloy 720LI cluster component. This single, near-net forging produces seven smaller disks for a helicopter turbine engine application. Each individual turbine disk is excised from this forging by electrical discharge machining or waterjet cutting. Courtesy
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Published: 01 December 2009
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Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 20 Contour map of predicted strain rate for an isothermally forged turbine disk at a time point where strain rates peak at critical locations
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... of the gamma aluminides with particular reference to production scaleable techniques, including vacuum arc and cold-hearth melting, isothermal forging, conventional hot forging, and extrusion. The selection and design of manufacturing methods, in the context of processing-cost trade-offs for gamma titanium...
Abstract
This article reviews the bulk deformation processes for various aluminide and silicide intermetallic alloys with emphasis on the gamma titanium aluminide alloys. It summarizes the understanding of microstructure evolution and fracture behavior during thermomechanical processing of the gamma aluminides with particular reference to production scaleable techniques, including vacuum arc and cold-hearth melting, isothermal forging, conventional hot forging, and extrusion. The selection and design of manufacturing methods, in the context of processing-cost trade-offs for gamma titanium aluminide alloys, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... asperities in metal forming. It presents advanced tribology models and results for friction in isothermal forging operations in which the tooling is maintained at a temperature close to that of the workpiece. The article provides information on heat transfer models. It discusses the effect of wear...
Abstract
This article describes friction force as a function of normal force in dry forming. It focuses on metal forming operations usually classified as cold working and hot working based on metallurgical considerations. The article discusses surface flattening and roughening of workpiece asperities in metal forming. It presents advanced tribology models and results for friction in isothermal forging operations in which the tooling is maintained at a temperature close to that of the workpiece. The article provides information on heat transfer models. It discusses the effect of wear in manufacturing processes. The article concludes with information on the main categories of tool and die materials used for a variety of manufacturing application.
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Published: 30 September 2015
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Deformation patterns in nonlubricated, non-isothermal hot forging. (a) Initial barreling. (b) Barreling and folding over. (c) Beginning of end face expansion. Source: 5
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 6 Polarized light optical microstructure developed in Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb pancakes upset at 1150 °C (2100 °F) to a 6-to-1 reduction using (a) “standard” isothermal forging practice, (b) isothermal forging with a 15 min dwell after the first 2-to-1 reduction, (c) conventional forging ( ε
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