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Published: 27 April 2016
Fig. 13 Isopleths through an isomorphous system. Adapted from Ref 3
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Ternary Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract This article describes the liquidus plots, isothermal plots, and isopleth plots used for a hypothetical ternary phase space diagram. It discusses the single-phase boundary (SPB) line and zero-phase fraction (ZPF) line for carbon-chromium-iron isopleth. The article illustrates the Gibbs...
Abstract
This article describes the liquidus plots, isothermal plots, and isopleth plots used for a hypothetical ternary phase space diagram. It discusses the single-phase boundary (SPB) line and zero-phase fraction (ZPF) line for carbon-chromium-iron isopleth. The article illustrates the Gibbs triangle for plotting ternary composition and discusses the ternary three-phase phase diagrams by using tie triangles. It describes the peritectic system with three-phase equilibrium and ternary four-phase equilibrium. The article presents representative binary iron phase diagrams, showing ferrite stabilization (iron-chromium) and austenite stabilization (iron-nickel).
Book Chapter
Cu (Copper) Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... includes 42 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isopleths, isothermal section and vertical section). copper ternary system isopleths liquidus projection miscibility gap solidus projection ternary alloy phase diagrams THIS ARTICLE includes systems where copper...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which copper (Cu) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 42 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isopleths, isothermal section and vertical section).
Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Fig. 5 Isopleth through hypothetical ternary phase diagram at a constant 40% C . Adapted from Ref 1
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Carbon-chromium-iron isopleth showing single-phase boundary (SPB) lines and...
Available to PurchasePublished: 27 April 2016
Fig. 6 Carbon-chromium-iron isopleth showing single-phase boundary (SPB) lines and zero-phase boundary (ZPB) lines. Source: Ref 2
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Isopleth Fe-C sections at 3 mass% Si in the (a) stable and (b) metastable d...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 13 Isopleth Fe-C sections at 3 mass% Si in the (a) stable and (b) metastable diagrams showing the composition-temperature domains for liquid (L), ferrite (α), austenite (γ), graphite (G), and cementite. Source: Ref 25 , 26
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Isopleth Fe-C sections of the Fe-C-Si-Mn system at 3 mass% Si and 1 mass% M...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 17 Isopleth Fe-C sections of the Fe-C-Si-Mn system at 3 mass% Si and 1 mass% Mn. (a) Stable system. (b) Metastable system. Calculations performed with Thermocalc software and the TCFE8 database.
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(a) Isopleth Fe-C section at 3 mass% Si of the stable Fe-C-Si diagram. (b) ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 1 (a) Isopleth Fe-C section at 3 mass% Si of the stable Fe-C-Si diagram. (b) Isothermal section at 810 °C (1490 °F) showing the various fields of equilibrium and the tie lines. Calculations performed with Fe-alloys Database (TCFE8) from Thermo-Calc Software AB.
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(a) Isopleth Fe-C section at 3 mass% Si of the metastable Fe-C-Si diagram. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 2 (a) Isopleth Fe-C section at 3 mass% Si of the metastable Fe-C-Si diagram. (b) Isothermal section at 790 °C (1450 °F) showing the various fields of equilibrium and the tie lines. Calculations performed with Fe-alloys Database (TCFE8) from Thermo-Calc Software AB.
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Comparison between the model-calculated isopleth of Mg-Al-Ca-Sr, from Mg-5A...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2009
Fig. 13 Comparison between the model-calculated isopleth of Mg-Al-Ca-Sr, from Mg-5Al-3Ca (in wt%) to Mg-5Al-3Sr (in wt%), and the measured liquidus and solidus data. Source: Ref 55
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Calculated isopleth of the quinary Al-Cu-Ni-Ti-Zr system expressed in terms...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 2 Calculated isopleth of the quinary Al-Cu-Ni-Ti-Zr system expressed in terms of temperature as a function of titanium concentration (at.%). The composition of titanium at the origin is 0; corresponding to Zr 56.2 Cu 31.3 Ni 4.0 Al 8.5 , the compositions of copper, nickel, and aluminum
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Isopleth for 17-4 PH stainless steel base composition as a function of nitr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 8 Isopleth for 17-4 PH stainless steel base composition as a function of nitrogen content. MC and M 2 C are the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase and hexagonal close-packed carbides/nitrides, respectively, where “M” represents metal substitutional elements (e.g., chromium, niobium), and “C
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Isopleth iron-carbon sections at 3% silicon in the (a) stable and (b) metas...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 3 Isopleth iron-carbon sections at 3% silicon in the (a) stable and (b) metastable diagrams showing the composition-temperature domains for liquid (L), ferrite (α), austenite (γ), graphite (G), and cementite
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(a) Schematic of carbon redistribution during ferrite growth in SG irons an...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic of carbon redistribution during ferrite growth in SG irons and (b) relation to the isopleth Fe-C section of the relevant phase diagram. Source: Ref 15
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Book Chapter
The Austenite-to-Pearlite/Ferrite Transformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... affects the eutectoid reaction in a similar way as the eutectic reaction. Figure 1(a) shows an isopleth Fe-C section of the stable Fe-Si-C phase diagram at 3.0 mass% Si, which has been limited to the eutectoid temperature range. It is seen that silicon leads to the formation of a three-phase field...
Abstract
This article discusses the stable and metastable three-phase fields in the binary Fe-C phase diagram. It schematically illustrates that austenite decomposition requires accounting for nucleation and growth of ferrite and then nucleation and growth of pearlite in the remaining untransformed volume. The article describes the austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite in spheroidal graphite irons and lamellar graphite irons. It provides a discussion on modeling austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite.
Book Chapter
Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagram Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... triangular paper. Two other common diagrams of a ternary are an isopleth, that is, a temperature-composition section, with one constraint such as keeping the composition of one component constant, and a projection of the liquidus or solidus surface onto a two-dimensional Gibbs triangular paper. However...
Abstract
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the phase equilibria of materials in terms of temperature, composition, and pressure. This article provides an overview on the background of phase diagram calculation software. It presents an algorithm to calculate binary stable phase equilibria. The article summarizes a rapid method to obtain a thermodynamic description of a multicomponent system. It also provides information on thermodynamically calculated phase diagrams.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics Principles as Applied to Cast Iron
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... of the liquidus surface of the Fe-C-Si phase diagram in the iron-rich corner for the stable system. Source: Ref 12 Sectioning the Fe-C-Si three-dimensional diagram at constant silicon content leads to a so-called Fe-C isopleth section. The graphs in Fig. 13 ( Ref 25 , 26 ) allow comparing an isopleth...
Abstract
The control of the solidification process of cast iron requires understanding and control of the thermodynamics of the liquid and solid phases and of the kinetics of their solidification, including nucleation and growth. This article addresses issues that allow for the determination of probability of formation and relative stability of various phases. These include the influence of temperature and composition on solubility of various elements in iron-base alloys; calculation of solubility lines, relevant to the construction of phase diagrams; and calculation of activity of various components. It discusses the role of alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon, which provides information on the stability of the main carbon-rich phases of iron-carbon alloys, that is, graphite and cementite. The article reviews the carbon solubility in multicomponent systems, along with saturation degree and carbon equivalent.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Dendritic Grain Solidification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005521
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... presented in Ref 19 . It is based on tracking the position with time of an isopleth of a chosen function. In the present case, the function is the signed geometric distance to the solid-liquid interface, and the “0” isopleth of this function is tracked. For that purpose, an expression of the velocity...
Abstract
This article discusses the three different modeling approaches for grain structures formed during solidification of metallic alloys: direct modeling of dendritic structure, direct modeling of grain structure, and indirect modeling of grain structure. The main construction bases, the scale at which it applies, and the mathematical background are presented for each modeling approach. The article concludes with a table that presents a comparison of the main inputs/outputs, approximations, numerical methods, kinetics laws, and applications for the three approaches to modeling of dendritic grain solidification.
Book Chapter
Fractography of Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... (stable) and austenite-cementite (metastable) eutectic lines Sectioning the Fe-C-Si 3-D diagram at constant silicon content leads to a so-called iron-carbon isopleth section. Figure 3 illustrates the influence of 3% silicon on the stable and metastable versions of the iron-carbon phase diagram...
Abstract
The cast iron family includes several different groups, including gray iron, ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, malleable iron, white iron, and many different grades within each of these alloy groups. This article addresses issues specific to gray iron, but in many instances the discussion can be related to the other cast iron groups and the various grades within those groups. It discusses the usage of techniques and procedures in cast iron fractography. The article presents a list of common defects that can initiate failure.
Book Chapter
Commercial Alloy Phase Diagrams and Their Industrial Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... to decrease rapidly from the quaternary alloy Zr 56.28 Cu 31.3 Ni 4.0 Al 8.5 (at.%) due to the addition of titanium. Further calculation of several isopleths reveals that the liquidus temperature decreased the fastest when zirconium was replaced by titanium and reached the minimum at 4.9 at.% Ti, as shown...
Abstract
This article focuses on the industrial applications of phase diagrams. It presents examples to illustrate how a multicomponent phase diagram calculation can be readily useful for industrial applications. The article demonstrates how the integration of a phase diagram calculation with kinetic and microstructural evolution models greatly enhances the power of the CALPHAD approach in materials design and processing development. It also discusses the limitations of the CALPHAD approach.
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