Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique that uses columns packed with ion exchange resins to separate ions in aqueous solutions and dynamically elute them to a detector. This article provides information on the different modes of detection, namely, eluent-suppressed conductivity detection, single-column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection, and amperometric electrochemical detection. It describes the modes of separation techniques in IC and reversed-phase IC. The article discusses the detection capabilities of IC, the procedures for preparing solid and liquid samples, as well as the applications of IC.

This article introduces the fundamental concepts and the essential components of liquid chromatography (LC). It discusses the different modes of LC, such as liquid-solid chromatography, liquid-liquid chromatography, bonded-phase chromatograph, normal-phase chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. The article also includes a discussion on the qualitative and quantitative analyses and the applications of LC.

The chemical process being catalyzed should have a high productivity within a specified reactor volume with high reaction rates for the desired reactions and low rates for undesired reaction pathways. This article reviews the general catalyst preparation procedures, namely, impregnation, ion exchange, and precipitation. Catalyst carriers are usually high-surface-area inorganic materials with complex pore structures, into which catalytic materials such as palladium, platinum, cobalt, chromium oxide, and vanadium pentoxide are deposited using these procedures. The article also provides information on catalyst powder processing.

This article presents a detailed account of ion chromatography (IC). It begins by describing the principles of common separation modes in IC. This is followed by a section on the different modes of detection, namely suppressed conductivity detection, nonsuppressed conductivity detection, spectrophotometric detection, and electrochemical detection. Various separation modes in IC are then described. The article further provides information on various eluents species, analyte range, and sample preparation techniques in IC. It ends by providing information on the instrumentation and applications and future directions of IC.

Ores, which consist of the primary valuable mineral, predominant gangue content, valuable by-products, and detrimental impurities, are extracted and directed to mineral processing. This article describes the mineral processing facilities, such as crushers, grinders, concentrators, separators, and flotation devices that are used for particle size reduction, separation of particles according to their settling rates in fluids and dewatering of concentrate particles. It explains the basic principles, flow diagrams, ore concentrate preparation methods, and equipment of major types of metallurgical processes, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical processes.