This article is a compilation of tables that provide information on preheat and interpass temperatures and the postweld heat treatment for selected carbon steels, as well as steel pressure vessels and pipe welds. Information is also provided for preheat and interpass temperatures of heat treatable steels, namely, low-alloy steels and ultra high-strength steels.

This article describes the fundamental and specific factors that control the properties of steel weldments in both the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of carbon and low-alloy steels. It provides information on steel types and their weldability. The article also explains the influence of welding procedure factors on the weldment properties. These procedure factors include preheat temperature, interpass temperature, postweld heat treatment, and heat input.

This article provides information on the base material properties of wrought duplex stainless steels (DSS). These properties include microstructure, alloy grades, mechanical and physical properties, and corrosion resistance. The article reviews the applications and microstructural development of DSS. It describes the factors influencing welding and weldability of the DSS. These factors include preheating, postweld heat treatment, interpass temperature control, welding practices, welding procedure qualification, filler metal requirements, cracking behavior, and loss of properties. The article examines the applicable welding processes such as fusion welding and solid-state welding processes.

This article discusses factors involved in selecting welding processes and consumables and establishing procedures and practices for the arc welding of low-alloy steels. It provides information on welding consumables in terms of filler metals and fluxes and shielding gases. The article describes the various categories of low-alloy steels, such as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) structural steels, high-strength low-alloy quenched and tempered(HSLA Q&T) structural steels, low-alloy steels for pressure vessels and piping, medium-carbon heat-treatable (quenched and tempered) low-alloy (HTLA) steels, ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels, and low-alloy tool and die steels. It concludes with a discussion on repair practices for tools and dies.

Copper and copper alloys offer a unique combination of material properties that makes them advantageous for many manufacturing environments. This article begins with a discussion on common metals that are alloyed with copper to produce the various copper alloys. It then reviews the factors that affect the weldability of copper alloys, including thermal conductivity of the alloy being welded, shielding gas, type of current used during welding, joint design, welding position, and surface condition. The article provides information on arc welding processes such as gas-metal arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, plasma arc welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding. It concludes with a discussion on safe welding practices.

Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This article reviews the compositions of standard and nonstandard austenitic stainless steels. It summarizes the important aspects of solidification behavior and microstructural evolution that dictate weld-metal ferrite content and morphology. The article describes weld defect formation, namely, solidification cracking, heat-affected zone liquation cracking, weld-metal liquation cracking, copper contamination cracking, ductility dip cracking, and weld porosity. It discusses four general types of corrosive attack: intergranular attack, stress-corrosion cracking, pitting and crevice corrosion, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. The article concludes with information on weld thermal treatments such as preheat and interpass heat treatments and postweld heat treatment.

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is suited for applications involving long, continuous welds. This article describes the operating principle, application, advantages, limitations, power source, equipment, and fluxes in SAW. It reviews three different types of electrodes manufactured for SAW: solid, cored, and strip. The article highlights the factors to be considered for controlling the welding process, including fit-up of work, travel speed, and flux depth. It also evaluates the defects that occur in SAW: lack of fusion, slag entrapment, solidification cracking, and hydrogen cracking. Finally, the article provides information on the safety measures to be followed in this process.

Oxide - dispersion - strengthened (ODS) materials utilize extremely fine oxide dispersion for strengthening, such as nickel-base alloys or alumina. The processing techniques employed in the production of ODS alloys produce some entrapped gases, which tend to create porosity during welding that can be rectified by suitable designing considerations. This article discusses certain successful design strategies employed in joining ODS alloys in consideration with the grain structure. It further provides a brief discussion on different welding processes involved in joining ODS materials, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, electron-beam and laser-beam welding, resistance welding, furnace brazing, friction welding, and explosion welding.

Arc welding methods can be classified into shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and electroslag and electrogas welding. This article provides information on process capabilities, principles of operation, power sources, electrodes, shielding gases, flux, process variables, and advantages and disadvantages of these arc welding methods. It presents information about the arc welding procedures of hardenable carbon and alloy steels, cast irons, stainless steels, heat-resistant alloys, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.

This article discusses the welding characteristics, welding metallurgy, and postweld heat treatment process of nickel-base corrosion-resistant alloys containing molybdenum. It contains tables that provide information on the nominal chemical compositions and physical properties of the alloys.

This article discusses the susceptibility of carbon steels to hydrogen-induced cracking, solidification cracking, lamellar tearing, weld metal porosity, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) mechanical property variations. The composition and mechanical properties of selected carbon steels used in arc welding applications are listed in a table. The article presents process selection guidelines for arc welding carbon steels. It provides information on the shielded metal arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding, gas-tungsten arc and plasma arc welding, submerged arc welding, electrogas welding, electroslag welding, and stud arc welding.

Repair welding is a necessary operation for most fabricators and can cost more than the price of the original component if performed improperly. This article provides a discussion on the repair welding of castings for ferrous and nonferrous materials. The discussion focuses on the surface preparation, weld repair process selection, joint selection, filler metal selection, weld repair considerations, deposition techniques, postweld heat treatment, and verification of weld repair quality.

Thermomechanical processing (TMP) refers to various metal forming processes that involve careful control of thermal and deformation conditions to achieve products with required shape specifications and good properties. This article describes TMP methods in producing hot-rolled steel and reviews how improvements in the strength and toughness depend on the synergistic effect of microalloy additions and on carefully controlled thermomechanical conditions. It discusses TMP variables and the general distinctions between conventional hot rolling and common types of controlled-rolling schedules. The article describes the metallurgical processes in grain refinement of austenite steel by hot working, such as recovery and recrystallization and strain-induced transformation. The grain refinement in high strength low alloy steel by alloy addition is also discussed. The article provides an outline on the key stages of deformation, and the required metallurgical information at each of these stages.

This article describes some examples of the different welding processes for gray, ductile, and malleable irons. These processes include fusion welding, repair welding, shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding, oxyfuel welding, and braze welding. The article discusses various special techniques, such as groove-face grooving, studding, joint design modifications, and peening, for improving the strength of a weld or its fitness for service. The article describes other fusion welding methods such as electrical resistance welding and thermite welding. It reviews thermal spraying processes, such as flame spraying, arc spraying, and plasma spraying, of a cast iron.

Qualification of welding procedures and personnel is an important step to assure the quality and performance of any welded component or structure. This article summarizes common welding procedures, personnel qualification variables, and test methods. Welding procedure qualification tests can be categorized as either standard or special. The article discusses the purpose of qualifying a welding procedure to demonstrate that the resulting welds will meet prescribed quality standards and the qualification of the personnel.