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intermetallic-matrix composites
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... composites, copper-matrix composites, superalloy-matrix composites, and intermetallic-matrix composites. It describes the processing methods of discontinuous aluminum MMCs which include casting processes, liquid-metal infiltration, spray deposition and powder metallurgy. The article provides useful...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are a class of materials with potential for a wide variety of structural and thermal applications. This article discusses the mechanical properties of MMCs, namely aluminum-matrix composites, titanium-matrix composites, magnesium-matrix composites, copper-matrix composites, superalloy-matrix composites, and intermetallic-matrix composites. It describes the processing methods of discontinuous aluminum MMCs which include casting processes, liquid-metal infiltration, spray deposition and powder metallurgy. The article provides useful information on aluminum MMC designation system and also describes the types of continuous fiber aluminum MMCs, including aluminum/boron MMC, aluminum/silicon carbide MMC, aluminum/graphite MMC, and aluminum/alumina MMC.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... presents an overview of the status of MMCs, and provides information on physical and mechanical properties, processing methods, distinctive features, and various types of continuously and discontinuously reinforced aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, superalloy, and intermetallic-matrix composites...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are a class of materials with potential for a wide variety of structural and thermal management applications. They are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and suffer minimal attack by organic fluids, such as fuels and solvents. This article presents an overview of the status of MMCs, and provides information on physical and mechanical properties, processing methods, distinctive features, and various types of continuously and discontinuously reinforced aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, superalloy, and intermetallic-matrix composites. It further discusses the property prediction and processing methods for MMCs.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... directly from the molten oxide ( Ref 1 ). This fiber has been studied for reinforcing some of the intermetallic-matrix composites such as titanium aluminides and nickel aluminides ( Ref 1 ). Key properties of commercially available fibers are listed in Table 1 . Tow-based alumina fibers are used...
Abstract
For the reinforcement of metal-matrix composites, four general classes of materials are commercially available: oxide fibers based primarily on alumina and alumina silica systems, nonoxide systems based on silicon carbide, boron fibers, and carbon fibers. This article discusses the key aspects of aluminum oxide fibers, silicon carbide fibers, boron fibers, and carbon fibers. The commercial fibers for reinforcement of metal-matrix composites are presented in a table. A tabulation of the coating schemes for silicon carbide monofilament fibers is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001416
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...), intermetallic, or titanium-matrix composite structures. Conventional alloys can be further subdivided, on the basis of the amount of beta phase that is present, into four families: near-alpha, alpha-beta, near-beta, or metastable-beta ( Table 1 ). Intermetallics that are based on titanium most commonly include...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., the strengths and/or physical properties of composites are usually an average of the strengths and/or properties of the individual constituents/phases. Most composites are composed of a compliant, damage-tolerant matrix and a strong reinforcing phase/constituent, usually filaments, fibers, or whiskers...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamental relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties for major classes of nonmetallic engineering materials: metals, ceramics and glasses, intermetallic compounds, polymers, and composites. It details the structures of inorganic crystalline solids, inorganic noncrystalline solids, and polymers. The article describes the various strengthening mechanisms of crystalline solids, namely, work hardening, solid-solution hardening, particle/precipitation hardening, and grain size hardening. Deformation and strengthening of composite materials, polymers, and glasses are reviewed. The article concludes with information on the two important aspects of the mechanical behavior of any class of engineering material: fatigue response and fracture resistance.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are used in structural applications, and in applications requiring wear resistance, thermal management, and weight savings. This article summarizes the mechanical and thermal properties of discontinuously reinforced aluminum MMCs, laminated...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are used in structural applications, and in applications requiring wear resistance, thermal management, and weight savings. This article summarizes the mechanical and thermal properties of discontinuously reinforced aluminum MMCs, laminated metallic composites, and continuously aligned fiber reinforced MMCs.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. Fracture Resistance of Composites Brittle Matrix-Ductile Phase Composites Ductile phases have been used to improve the fracture resistance of many structural materials, including ceramics, intermetallics, glasses, and other low-toughness materials...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a multidisciplinary engineering topic that has foundations in both mechanics and materials science. This article summarizes the microstructural aspect of fracture resistance in structural materials. It provides a discussion on basic fracture principles and schematically illustrates the mechanism of crack propagation. The article describes the fracture resistance of high-strength steels, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and composites such as brittle matrix-ductile phase composites and metal-matrix composites. It also lists the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005229
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to fully return the composition to its equilibrium level. As a result, during the early stage of solidification, the solid matrix phase is depleted of solute, and the liquid phase is enriched with solute. An example of microsegregation in an aluminum alloy is shown in Fig. 1 , and the subsequent...
Abstract
Homogenization, in a broad sense, refers to the processes designed to achieve uniform distribution of solutes or phases in a given matrix. This article addresses the root cause for inhomogeneities in cast components. It is nearly a standard industrial practice to homogenize alloys before thermomechanical processing. The article lists the objectives of homogenization and benefits of homogenization treatments. The benefits include increased resistance to pitting corrosion, increased resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, improved ductility, and uniform precipitate distribution during subsequent aging. The article provides a schematic illustration of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) scattered data of solute distributions across a dendrite due to microsegregation of chromium and molybdenum. It concludes with information on the computational modeling for simulation of microsegregation of chromium and molybdenum.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of sponge production and melting processes, oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys by powder metallurgy techniques, titanium-base intermetallic compounds, and titanium-matrix composites. aerospace application automotive application corrosion application developments in titanium processing market...
Abstract
Titanium has been recognized as an element with good mechanical and physical properties, alloying characteristics, and corrosion resistance. Providing an outline of general characteristics and types of titanium alloys, this article discusses the contemporary technology of titanium along with its market developments. It also discusses the application of titanium and titanium alloys in corrosive environments and in aerospace and automotive industries. The article describes the developments in titanium processing and materials technologies, which include the development of sponge production and melting processes, oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys by powder metallurgy techniques, titanium-base intermetallic compounds, and titanium-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... coherent precipitates, respectively; and θ is the equilibrium precipitate, totally incoherent with the matrix. The intermetallic precipitates formed during aging depend on the alloy composition, as reported in Table 5 . Example of intermetallics formed during aging of wrought and cast aluminum...
Abstract
This article begins by describing the designations of cast and wrought aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of main alloying elements in aluminum alloys: boron, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, sodium, strontium, titanium, and zinc. The article describes the microstructure of cast and wrought aluminum alloys and the various strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution, grain refinement, strain or work hardening, precipitation (or age) hardening, and dispersoid strengthening. The article explicates the tribological behavior of aluminum alloys, aluminum-base composites, and metal-matrix composites. It presents the effect of material-related parameters and external factors on wear behavior and transitions of aluminum-silicon alloys. The article also presents the most important factors affecting the dry sliding wear behavior of particle-reinforced aluminum-base composites against a steel counterface.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... are of paramount importance in cast aluminum-silicon alloys. Dissolution During solution heat treatment, soluble intermetallics are dissolved, and the matrix is supersaturated with solute on subsequent quenching. Only those intermetallic phases dissolve that have high solubility at elevated temperature...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of heat treatment processes, namely, solution heat treatment, quenching, natural aging, and artificial aging. It contains a table that lists the various heat treatment tempers commonly practiced for nonferrous castings. The article describes microstructural changes that occur due to the heat treatment of cast alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... in a coarse α-aluminum matrix. Such microstructures exhibit poor ductility and cannot be used for structural engineering applications. In contrast, RS processing of these novel chemistries suppresses the formation of Al 3 Fe-type primary intermetallic particles. It instead produces particulates exhibiting...
Abstract
Conventional high-strength aluminum alloys produced via powder metallurgy (P/M) technologies, namely, rapid solidification (RS) and mechanical alloying (mechanical attrition) have high strength at room temperature and elevated temperature. This article focuses on the metallurgy and weldability of dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloys based on the aluminum-iron system that are produced using various RS-P/M processing techniques. It describes weldability issues related to weld solidification behavior, the formation of hydrogen-induced porosity in the weld zone, and the high-temperature deformation behavior of these alloys, which affect the selection and application of fusion and solid-state welding processes. The article provides specific examples of material responses to welding conditions and highlights the microstructural development in the weld zone.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003839
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...Abstract Abstract This article begins with the discussion on the background of metal-matrix composites (MMC) and moves into a broad description of the general parameters affecting the corrosion of MMC. It discusses the primary sources of MMC corrosion that include galvanic corrosion between MMC...
Abstract
This article begins with the discussion on the background of metal-matrix composites (MMC) and moves into a broad description of the general parameters affecting the corrosion of MMC. It discusses the primary sources of MMC corrosion that include galvanic corrosion between MMC constituents, chemical degradation of interphases and reinforcements, microstructure-influenced corrosion, and processing-induced corrosion. The article elaborates on the corrosion behavior of specific aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, lead, depleted uranium, and zinc MMCs systems. It concludes with a description on the corrosion control of MMCs using protective coatings and inhibitors.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
...×. Courtesy of J. Wu, Deloro Stellite Group Ltd. Because the Laves intermetallic phase is so abundant in these alloys (35 to 70 vol%), its presence governs all of the material properties. Accordingly, the effects of the matrix composition in these alloys are less pronounced than in the case...
Abstract
Cobalt is used as an alloying element in alloys for various applications. This article provides a detailed account of the metallurgy of cobalt-base alloys. It focuses on the compositions, properties, and applications of cobalt-base alloys, which include wear-resistant cobalt alloys, heat-resistant cobalt alloys, and cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys. The article also describes the heat treatments such as annealing and aging, for these alloys.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract Metallic matrices are essential constituents for the fabrication of metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article describes three different classes of aluminum alloys, namely, commercial aluminum alloys, low-density and high-modulus alloys, and high temperature alloys...
Abstract
Metallic matrices are essential constituents for the fabrication of metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article describes three different classes of aluminum alloys, namely, commercial aluminum alloys, low-density and high-modulus alloys, and high temperature alloys. It presents typical tensile properties and fracture toughness of the selected heat treatable aluminum alloys in a table. Titanium alloys are very attractive for MMC applications, due to their higher strength and temperature capability compared to aluminum alloys. The article tabulates the effect of heat treatment on room-temperature properties and tensile properties of Ti-25Al-17Nb alloy sheet.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... to their relatively low hardness, which favors large plastic deformation under sliding conditions. This article discusses the classes and mechanisms of wear in aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-tin bearing alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites; describes the effect of material-related parameters on wear behavior...
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineered components because of their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Their use in applications requiring wear resistance is more limited. One of the main limitations of aluminum alloys is the poor tribological behavior mainly due to their relatively low hardness, which favors large plastic deformation under sliding conditions. This article discusses the classes and mechanisms of wear in aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-tin bearing alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites; describes the effect of material-related parameters on wear behavior of these alloys; and reviews their applications in a variety of tribological applications in the automotive industry ranging from aluminum-tin alloys for plain bearings to alloys with hard anodizing for machine elements. Methods to improve wear resistance and alloy hardness are also discussed.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and titanium-aluminide intermetallic alloys have been developed. Both are briefly described below. More detailed information on these advanced titanium alloys can be found in the Section “Special-Purpose Materials” in this Volume. Titanium-Matrix Composites Titanium-matrix composites containing...
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are used in various applications owing to its high strength, stiffness, good toughness, low density, and good corrosion resistance. This article discusses the applications of titanium and titanium alloys in gas turbine engine components, aerospace pressure vessels, optic-system support structures, prosthetic devices, and applications requiring corrosion resistance and high strength. It explains the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys as they play an important role in controlling the microstructure and properties and describes the secondary phases and martensitic transformations formed in titanium alloy systems. Information on commercial and semicommercial grades and alloys of titanium is tabulated. The article also discusses the different grades of titanium alloys such as alpha, near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, beta alloys, and advanced titanium alloys (titanium-matrix composites and titanium aluminides).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0009239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., armors, chemical devices, and so forth. Specific examples of brazed titanium parts in aircraft frames and engines are presented in Table 1 . Brazed aerospace parts made of titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, and titanium matrix composites Table 1 Brazed aerospace parts made of titanium alloys...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of brazing temperature and thermal treatment on structure and mechanical behavior of different classes of titanium base metals such as commercially pure (CP) titanium, alpha or near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. The classification, properties, and potential heat treatment of titanium base alloys are presented in tables. The article provides information on brazed joints of titanium with carbon steels, as well as ceramics and graphite. It discusses the risks involved in titanium brazing, including erosion of base metal, brittle intermetallics, and low ductility. The article reviews induction and torch brazing, infrared brazing, diffusion brazing, and brazing by heating with ion bombardment. It concludes by describing the design criteria and limitations of brazing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003618
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... Constituent particles are well known sites for pit initiation, due to galvanic interaction with the surrounding matrix ( Ref 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). Depending on initial composition, some constituent particles are cathodic to the matrix, and others are anodic. Some exhibit a changing galvanic effect...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the metallurgical effects on corrosion of different series of aluminum alloys (1xxx, 2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx) that are classified into two categories. The first category includes the effects from insoluble, intermetallic constituent particles generally formed from trace impurity elements that play a predominant role in pitting corrosion. The second category comprises the effects from precipitation of secondary phases and effects from solute remaining in solid solution on corrosion of aluminum.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... thermally stable dispersoid particles. Conventional I/M processing of these compositions produces equilibrium or near-equilibrium microstructures containing coarse Al 3 Fe-type primary intermetallic particles in a coarse α-aluminum matrix. Such microstructures exhibit poor ductility and cannot be used...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition and properties of powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminum powders for pressed and sintered parts. It includes the steps involved in the processing of high-performance P/M alloys. The article describes the classes of high-performance P/M alloys, including corrosion-resistant alloys (stress-corrosion cracking), elevated-temperature alloys, and low density/high-stiffness alloys.