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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG brittle fracture, and the IG fatigue fracture. The article describes some typical embrittlement mechanisms that cause the IG fracture of steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the factors that influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. Because the appearance of IG fractures is often very similar, the principal focus is placed on the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause grain boundaries...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the factors that influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. Because the appearance of IG fractures is often very similar, the principal focus is placed on the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause grain boundaries to become the preferred path of crack growth. The article describes in more detail some typical mechanisms that cause IG fracture. It discusses the causes and effects of IG brittle cracking, dimpled IG fracture, IG fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement, and IG stress-corrosion cracking. The article presents a case history on IG fracture of steam generator tubes, where a lowering of the operating temperature was proposed to reduce failures.
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 35 Examples of intergranular creep fractures. (a) Wedge cracking in Inconel 625. (b) Wedge cracking in Incolay 800. (c) Intergranular creep fracture resulting from grain-boundary cavitation in PE-16. Source: Ref 59
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 20 Intergranular brittle fractures in tungsten, iridium, and a tungsten-3 wt% rhenium alloy. (a) Sintered tungsten rod drawn to 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) diam, recrystallized for 100 h at 10 −6 torr and 2600 °C (4712 °F), and fractured in tension. (b) Iridium sheet annealed for 50 h in purified
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Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 6 Intergranular fracture surface showing partial intergranular wetting with both solid-solid and liquid-liquid bonding. 500×
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 12 Intergranular fracture from the overload fracture zone in the case of a carburized SAE 8620 steel. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 29 Intergranular fracture observed in the fracture surface of martensitic ductile iron (ASTM A536, 120-90-02 grade) under slow bending test at room temperature (20 °C, or 68 °F). Different magnification. The fracture surface shows grain-boundary separation with inclusions located
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Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 23 Ductile intergranular fracture observed on the fracture surface of a 6 xxx -series alloy. SEM; original magnification: 1000×
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 11 Intergranular fracture in case unstable crack propagation zone in gas-carburized and direct-cooled SAE 4320 steel. Courtesy of A. Reguly
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 39 SEM micrograph showing intergranular fracture in a nickel-chromium-molybdenum (HY80) steel. 315×
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 44 Intergranular fracture mode within gray area of flaw. Crack growth direction is from bottom to top.
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 58 Corrosion products on the intergranular fracture surface of an Nb-106 alloy. These corrosion products, which are residues from acid cleaning, contributed to failure by SCC. (L. Kashar, Scanning Electron Analysis Laboratories, Inc.)
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 61 Intergranular fracture surface of an AISI 4140 low-alloy steel nut that failed because of embrittlement by liquid cadmium
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 101 SEM views of the corrosion products (a) and the intergranular fracture and secondary grain-boundary cracks (b) that were the result of the laps shown in Fig. 100
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 14 Intergranular fracture that was generated in a specimen of oxygen-embrittled Armco iron by a Charpy impact test at room temperature. The grain facets appear sharp and clean. Note the secondary cracks, which follow grain boundaries. See also Fig. 15 and 16 for views of other regions
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1070 TEM p-c replica of the surface of an intergranular fracture in an aircraft landing-gear component of forged aluminum alloy 7075-T6 that fractured as the result of stress-corrosion cracking. Note the secondary cracks between the grains. 1000×
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1234 A very clean intergranular fracture in sintered tungsten that was broken by impact. Note the several very flat separated-grain facets; small sintering pores can be seen in several of the facets. TEM p-c replica, 4000×
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1237 Surface of a brittle, intergranular fracture, produced by bending, in a polycrystalline iridium wire (0.127-mm, or 0.005-in., diam) that had been annealed in vacuum for 2 h at 1200 °C (2190 °F). See Fig. 1238 for an enlarged view of the area in the rectangle. SEM, 470×
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1239 Surface of a brittle, intergranular fracture, produced by bending, in an iridium sheet (rolled to a thickness of 0.076 mm, or 0.0003 in.) that had been annealed for 2 h at 1200 °C (2190 °F) in vacuum. Note the deep secondary cracks between the elongated grains. 2100×
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 540 Brittle intergranular fracture of AISI 9254 due to quench cracking. The crack initiated at a seam, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) deep. The seam wall is the irregularly textured area at top in the fractograph. SEM, 200× (J.H. Maker, Associated Spring, Barnes Group Inc.)
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