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Book Chapter
Selection of Materials for Deep-Drawing Dies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... treatments such as carburizing or carbonitriding for low-alloy steels or nitriding or physical vapor deposition coating for tool steels. carbonitriding carburizing chromium plating deep drawing drawing die low-alloy steel lubricants nitriding physical vapor deposition surface treatment tool...
Abstract
The selection of material for a drawing die is aimed at the production of the desired quality and quantity of parts with the least possible tooling cost per part. This article discusses the performance of a drawing die. It contains tables that list the lubricants used for deep drawing, and the typical materials for punches and blank holders. The article describes the typical causes of wear (galling) of deep-drawing tooling. It analyzes the selection of a harder and more wear-resistant material, the application of a surface coating such as chromium plating to the finished tools, and surface treatments such as carburizing or carbonitriding for low-alloy steels or nitriding or physical vapor deposition coating for tool steels.
Book Chapter
Sintering of Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006118
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... interparticle bonding, and (c) preventing reoxidation and nitride formation during cooling from sintering temperature. PM stainless steels got their start with “conventional” sintering, i.e. sintering in continuous mesh belt furnaces that utilize high-temperature-grade stainless steel mesh belts, stainless...
Abstract
This article describes the sintering behavior of austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels. It presents different sintering schedules that are selected by Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF). The article provides information on the equipment and atmospheres used for sintering and the steps involved in the process. It discusses the factors that influence the dimensional changes in sintering, namely, powder-related, compaction-related, and sintering-related factors.
Book Chapter
Stop-Off Technologies for Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract A wide variety of stop-off technologies for heat treatment are used to selectively prevent the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen during atmosphere carburizing, carbonitriding, vacuum carburizing, and various forms of nitriding. In addition to selective stop-off, technologies are also...
Abstract
A wide variety of stop-off technologies for heat treatment are used to selectively prevent the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen during atmosphere carburizing, carbonitriding, vacuum carburizing, and various forms of nitriding. In addition to selective stop-off, technologies are also available for scale prevention in open-fired furnaces. This article describes two stop-off technologies, mechanical masking and copper plating, along with stop-off paints/compounds. Prior to the application of stop-off paints, the part surface of the furnaces should be properly cleaned and dried. The article also describes the usage of stop-off paints in different heat treating processes, namely, carburizing and carbonitriding, deep carburizing, vacuum carburizing, nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding. The article concludes by reviewing the application methods of stop-off paints: brushing, dipping, dispensing, spraying and stamping.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Environmental Performance of Nonmetallic Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... or thinned areas Indeed, in practice, poor surface preparation and insufficient thickness account for a significant number of coating failures. The article “Degradation of Protective Coatings” concentrates on environmental factors that influence coating integrity, such as: Indoor and outdoor...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the environmental performance of the most commonly used nonmetallic materials, including elastomers, plastics, thermosetting resins, resin-matrix composites, organic coatings, concrete, refractories, and ceramics. It also discusses the applications and uses of these materials.
Book Chapter
Superabrasives and Ultrahard Tool Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride are among a class of superhard materials from the boron-carbon-nitrogen-silicon family of elements. This article focuses on the two materials, the forms in which they are produced, and their respective properties. Synthetic diamond and cubic...
Abstract
Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride are among a class of superhard materials from the boron-carbon-nitrogen-silicon family of elements. This article focuses on the two materials, the forms in which they are produced, and their respective properties. Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride compounds are available in the form of grit and sintered polycrystalline blanks of various size, shape, and composition. The article explains how superabrasive grains made from these materials can be used in lapping, polishing, and grinding applications, and how diamond and boron nitride blanks can be mounted to suitable substrates to form ultrahard cutting edges and tools.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Mold Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005976
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on heat treating practices, namely, carburizing, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and nitriding for various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels. It details the characteristics...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on heat treating practices, namely, carburizing, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and nitriding for various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels. It details the characteristics of various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels, including type P20, type P20Mod, AISI type 420, and AISI type 440B.
Book Chapter
Gas Nitriding and Gas Nitrocarburizing of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005806
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract This article summarizes the terminology for gas reactions, and discusses low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing of stainless steels. It describes the various nitriding processes, namely, high- and low-pressure nitriding, oxynitriding, sulfonitriding, oxysulfonitriding, ferritic...
Abstract
This article summarizes the terminology for gas reactions, and discusses low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing of stainless steels. It describes the various nitriding processes, namely, high- and low-pressure nitriding, oxynitriding, sulfonitriding, oxysulfonitriding, ferritic nitrocarburizing and austenitic nitrocarburizing. The article includes a discussion on the difficulties in specimen cleaning, importance of furnace purge, uses of pre and post oxidation, depassivation, or activation, and requirements for perfect nucleation in nitriding process. In nitriding, the successful atmosphere control depends on various potentials. The article summarizes the methods of measuring potentials in nitriding and nitrocarburizing, provides useful information on the furnaces used, and the safety precautions to be followed in the nitriding process. It also describes the sample preparation procedures and testing methods to ensure the quality of the sample.
Book Chapter
Processes and Furnace Equipment for Heat Treating of Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005958
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract This article provides a detailed discussion on the heating equipment used for austenitizing, quenching, and tempering tool steels. These include salt bath furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, fluidized-bed furnaces, and vacuum furnaces. The article discusses the types of nitriding...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the heating equipment used for austenitizing, quenching, and tempering tool steels. These include salt bath furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, fluidized-bed furnaces, and vacuum furnaces. The article discusses the types of nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes and the equipment required for heat treating tool steels to improve hardness, wear resistance, and thermal fatigue. The various nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes covered are salt bath nitrocarburizing, gas nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing.
Book Chapter
Selection of Materials for Press-Forming Dies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... A2 D2 Type 300 stainless, to 1 4 hard None None Yes Mild and 4140 steel Mild and 4140 steel Mild and 4140 steel A2, D2 D2 Low-carbon steel Best ±0.005 R Yes Mild and 4140 steel Mild and 4140 steel Mild and 4140 steel A2, D2, nitrided D2 D2, nitrided D2 High...
Abstract
This article reviews the production variables that influence the selection of various stamping die materials: ferrous, nonferrous, and plastic die materials. It provides a discussion on the specific types of die materials for tool steels, cast irons, plastics, aluminum, bronze, zinc-aluminum, and steel-bonded carbides. The article describes factors to be considered during the selection of materials for press-forming dies.
Book Chapter
Brazing of Ceramic and Ceramic-to-Metal Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... as a brief description of factors that are important to ceramic-to-metal joints. Ceramic Materials Structural ceramics can be categorized as either monolithic materials or ceramic-matrix composites. The monolithic materials include the aluminas, mullites, silicon carbides, silicon nitrides...
Abstract
This article is intended to assist the development of procedures for the brazing of ceramic-to-ceramic or ceramic-to-metal joints for service under elevated temperatures, mechanical or thermal stresses, or corrosive atmospheres. It describes the factors considered in preparing a procedure for the brazing of graphitic materials.
Book Chapter
Case Hardening of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth...
Abstract
Case hardening is defined as a process by which a ferrous material is hardened in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, becomes substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. This article discusses the equipment required, process variables, carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is essential for quality control of the case hardening process and for evaluation of workpieces for conformance with specifications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods.
Book Chapter
Thermoreactive Deposition/Diffusion Process for Surface Hardening of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005773
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract The thermoreactive deposition and diffusion process is a heat-treatment-based method to form coatings with compacted layers of carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, onto some carbon/nitrogen-containing materials, including steels. The amount of active carbide forming elements/nitride...
Abstract
The thermoreactive deposition and diffusion process is a heat-treatment-based method to form coatings with compacted layers of carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, onto some carbon/nitrogen-containing materials, including steels. The amount of active carbide forming elements/nitride forming elements, coating temperatures and time, and thickness of substrates influence the growth rate of coatings. This article lists carbide and nitride coatings that are formed on carbon/nitrogen-containing metallic materials, and describes the coating process and mechanism of coating reagents. It details the growth process and nucleation process of carbide and nitride coatings formed on the metal surface. The article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and characteristics of the various coating processes, including high-temperature salt bath carbide coating, high-temperature fluidized-bed carbide coating, and low-temperature salt bath nitride coating.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... On the other hand, insufficient flux causes metal reaction with the atmosphere to produce oxides and nitrides that may be difficult to remove if not in an agglomerated form. Temperature, time at temperature, alloy composition, pouring practice, and gating procedures dictate the optimal fluxing process. So...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of exogenous and indigenous inclusions. It discusses the general concepts of phase diagrams, thermochemical relationships, and reaction rates, along with their practical significance. The article describes the most common techniques for controlling the occurrence of inclusions in any cast metal. It presents a discussion on the inclusions in ferrous and nonferrous alloys, including steels, cast irons, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, and magnesium alloys.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Arc Remelting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005202
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... dispersion in the plasma arc. Oxide removal is achieved by chemical and physical processes. Less stable oxides or nitrides are thermally dissociated or are reduced by carbon present in the alloy and are removed via the gas phase. However, in special alloys and in high-alloyed steels, the nonmetallic...
Abstract
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process is widely used to improve the cleanliness and refine the structure of standard air melted or vacuum induction melted (VIM) ingots. It is also used in the triplex production of superalloys. This article illustrates the VAR process and the capabilities and variables of the process. It also presents a discussion on the melt solidification, resulting structure, and ingot defects. The article concludes with a discussion on the VAR process of superalloy and titanium and titanium alloy.
Book Chapter
Wear and Lubrication of Sheet-Metal Forming Dies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Recommended die materials for these shapes range from plastics for low-quantity production of simple-to-moderate parts, up to the most wear-resistant (nitrided) tool steels for making severely formed parts. Parts of even greater severity, or those run in quantities larger than one million, may require dies...
Abstract
This article introduces process factors that influence die wear and lubrication for metal forming operations such as bending, spinning, stretching, deep drawing, and ironing. It discusses the effects of part shape, sheet thickness, tolerance requirements, sheet metal, and lubrication on shallow forming dies. The article describes the wear of material for dies to draw round and square cup-shaped metal parts in a press. It also discusses the effect of process conditions on the shallow forming dies.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Zirconium and Hafnium
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001312
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... cleaning, chemical descaling, pickling or etching, anodizing, autoclaving, polishing, buffing, vapor phase nitriding, and electroplating. Applications of these surface treatment processes are also reviewed. anodizing autoclaving blast cleaning buffing chemical descaling cleaning electroplating...
Abstract
Zirconium and hafnium surfaces require cleaning and finishing for reasons such as preparation for joining, heat treatment, plating, forming, and producing final surface finishes. This article provides information on various surface treatment processes, surface soil removal, blast cleaning, chemical descaling, pickling or etching, anodizing, autoclaving, polishing, buffing, vapor phase nitriding, and electroplating. Applications of these surface treatment processes are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Bearings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005978
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... stability. It also provides a description of various extensively-used heat treatment processes, namely, carburizing, carbonitriding, induction surface hardening, and nitriding associated with various bearings. In addition, the article explores the factors to be considered in selecting a process and explains...
Abstract
The choice of heat treatment depends on the service requirements of a given bearing and how the bearing will be made. This article describes the design parameters, material characteristics required to sustain performance characteristics, metallurgical properties, and dimensional stability. It also provides a description of various extensively-used heat treatment processes, namely, carburizing, carbonitriding, induction surface hardening, and nitriding associated with various bearings. In addition, the article explores the factors to be considered in selecting a process and explains why it is optimum for a specific application.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and laser surface processing. Surface hardening techniques, namely, nitriding, carburizing, boriding, and flame hardening, performed to improve the resistance of stainless steel alloys are also reviewed. acid cleaning acid descaling alkaline cleaning boriding buffing carburizing electrocleaning...
Abstract
Passivation; pickling, that is, acid descaling; electropolishing; and mechanical cleaning are important surface treatments for the successful performance of stainless steel used for piping, pressure vessels, tanks, and machined parts in a wide variety of applications. This article provides an overview of the various types of stainless steels and describes the commonly used cleaning methods, namely, alkaline cleaning, emulsion cleaning, solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning, and acid cleaning. Finishing operations of stainless steels, such as grinding, polishing, and buffing, are reviewed. The article also explains the procedures of electrocleaning, electropolishing, electroplating, painting, surface blackening, coloring, terne coatings, and thermal spraying. It includes useful information on the surface modification of stainless steels, namely, ion implantation and laser surface processing. Surface hardening techniques, namely, nitriding, carburizing, boriding, and flame hardening, performed to improve the resistance of stainless steel alloys are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Heat Treating Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... and devices for measuring thermal and electrical conductivity. The article also describes the applications of the vacuum heat treating process, namely, vacuum nitriding and vacuum carburizing. Finally, it reviews the heat treating process of tool steels, stainless steels, Inconel 718, and titanium and its...
Abstract
Vacuum heat treating consists of thermally treating metals and alloys in cylindrical steel chambers that have been pumped down to less than normal atmospheric pressure. This article provides a detailed account of the operations and designs of vacuum furnaces, discussing their pressure levels, resistance heating elements, quenching systems, work load support, pumping systems, and temperature control systems. It describes the classification of instruments used for measuring and recording pressure inside a vacuum processing chamber. Common devices include hydrostatic measuring devices and devices for measuring thermal and electrical conductivity. The article also describes the applications of the vacuum heat treating process, namely, vacuum nitriding and vacuum carburizing. Finally, it reviews the heat treating process of tool steels, stainless steels, Inconel 718, and titanium and its alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... These modes include oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, halogen corrosion, and sulfidation. carburization high-temperature corrosion oxidation sulfidation chemical process metal dusting nitridation halogen corrosion SOME MANUFACTURING PROCESSES require chemical reactions...
Abstract
Understanding the high-temperature corrosion behavior of alloys is an important step toward the selection of appropriate alloys for process equipment. This article briefly describes the high-temperature corrosion modes that are frequently encountered in the chemical process industry. These modes include oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, halogen corrosion, and sulfidation.
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