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indirect nondestructive measurements
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0009001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract The measurement techniques for die wear can be classified into the following two categories: direct measurements, which are done using lab techniques; and indirect nondestructive measurements, which are done by plant monitoring. This article describes the details of the plant...
Abstract
The measurement techniques for die wear can be classified into the following two categories: direct measurements, which are done using lab techniques; and indirect nondestructive measurements, which are done by plant monitoring. This article describes the details of the plant monitoring techniques, along with comprehensive discussions on the measured wear data based on roughness and hardness of die surfaces. It presents a comparison between the predicted and measured die wear rates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... with the internal structure, and emerges from the sample to be detected by a sensor (film, transducer) for measurement. Thermal nondestructive evaluation is an indirect process, so that regardless of the form of energy used to excite the sample, interaction with the internal structure of a part occurs through...
Abstract
Thermal nondestructive evaluation (TNDE) is an indirect process, so that regardless of the form of energy used to excite the sample, interaction with the internal structure of a part occurs through the process of heat conduction. This article discusses the steady-state configuration and selective excitation configuration of the signal-generation mechanisms in thermal nondestructive evaluation methods. The three widely used approaches to TNDE are surface-excited thermography, vibrothermography, and thermoelastic stress analysis. The article provides information on the common features, characteristics, and limitations of these approaches.
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 1 Energy transfer in nondestructive evaluation. In conventional (direct) methods, a single form of energy excites and interacts with the sample, after which its amplitude or transit time is measured (a). Thermal nondestructive evaluation (TNDE) is an indirect process in which excitation
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... the basic principles of visual inspection in terms of direct visual examination and indirect visual examination as well as advantages and limitations of visual inspection. It reviews the factors affecting the effectiveness of VI as a nondestructive testing (NDT): lighting conditions of observation...
Abstract
Visual inspection (VI) is the oldest inspection technique man has used as a quality-control tool to evaluate products, assess their final form in terms of fabrication accuracy and external features based on experience, and decide on their acceptance or rejection. This article discusses the basic principles of visual inspection in terms of direct visual examination and indirect visual examination as well as advantages and limitations of visual inspection. It reviews the factors affecting the effectiveness of VI as a nondestructive testing (NDT): lighting conditions of observation, condition of surface under inspection, physical state/condition of inspector, proper training of personnel and level of expertise, and knowledge of applicable standards. The article provides schematic illustrations of rigid borescopes, fiberscopes, and videoscopes. It concludes with a discussion on automated optical inspection systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0007023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... that it detected or overdetected, because some defects may be healed. Nondestructive Testing for Indirect Inspection In-process monitoring systems make it possible to analyze the L-PBF process in real-time, providing information about the intrinsic characteristics of the process and offering inferences...
Abstract
This article covers defect formation and classification, followed by a brief description of the most common nondestructive testing (NDT) methods used for postbuild inspection. Descriptions of the established and emerging NDT techniques for in-process monitoring (IPM) and in-process inspection (IPI) in additive manufacturing (AM) also are provided, highlighting the advantages and limitations. The article concludes with a list of the main NDT methods and techniques used. As qualification and certification of AM parts is an urgent matter for the AM industry, a description of the current work carried out for developing standards is also included.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... for Industrial Processes” in this Section. On-Line Corrosion Monitoring Techniques Corrosion monitoring techniques can be divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct techniques measure parameters that are directly associated with the corrosion processes. These include coupons, electrical...
Abstract
Corrosion monitoring is important in the operation of modern industrial plants and in the use and maintenance of expensive assets such as bridges and aircrafts, because the damage caused by corrosion and the rate of the deterioration can be huge and the risks devastating. This article discusses the system considerations and installation techniques of different types of direct and indirect techniques in electrochemically based on-line corrosion monitoring process. It describes the importance of probe location and on-line corrosion monitoring techniques with examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles...
Abstract
Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data. In addition, it discusses the metallurgical and magnetic properties of magnetic materials and the applications of magnetic field testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006438
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., and/or displacement sensors measure local displacements. Analysis includes amplitude, frequency, and differential measurements Changes may indicate weakening or failed structural components, alignment issues, bearing wear, shaft crack, imbalance. Indirect indication of degradation or failure May provide advance...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on general nondestructive evaluation (NDE) science and considerations for specific technique selection. It explains the basic concept of flaw detection and evaluation and probability of detection. The article provides an overview of NDE methods with their applications, limitations, and advantages. It includes details on NDE codes, calibration standards, inspection frequency, guidance on how to perform inspections, applicability, and mandatory and nonmandatory practice. The article also provides tips on where to focus inspections in order to align with the likely areas of damage or degradation and a number of other aspects of inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0009000
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.../binder forces and die wear as a function of drawing, and measurements of the initial and final microhardness of the draw bead surfaces. Details of the direct measurement techniques are described in this section. Indirect nondestructive measurement techniques for plant monitoring are presented...
Abstract
This article describes the laboratory techniques for direct measurement and quantification of die wear in verifying a proprietary die-wear predictor methodology. This method is based on a theoretical formula that can be used to predict the rate of die wear and the life of a die surface coating, applicable to both mild steel and high-strength steels stampings. The article discusses the behavior of the surface conditions through quantitative measurements and surface analyses conducted throughout the wear tests. The surface conditions include surface roughness, surface morphology, microstructure, interfacial friction, surface temperatures, and wear rate.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... intervention must provide the necessary feedback to make corrective actions in the welding equipment settings. Monitoring and control of a manufacturing process falls within one of four categories: Machine monitoring: Machine monitoring involves measuring an indirect weld parameter before, during...
Abstract
This article lists the system parameters of the friction welding process and describes the four categories of monitoring and control of the manufacturing process. It discusses the monitoring methods of a rotary friction welded sample, for determining in-process quality of ferrous alloys, and dissimilar metals using acoustic emission. The article reviews the feasibility of detecting the presence of ferrite during microstructural evolution of friction welding of three austenitic stainless steels: 310, 304, and 255. It also explains the in-process quality control of friction welding.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... under inspection and interacts with its microstructure. Sound is reflected from interfaces within the material, and the changes in the ultrasonic signal are measured, recorded, and displayed during nondestructive inspection. The techniques used to acquire and interpret the ultrasonic information...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive technique that is useful in both quality control and research applications for flaw detection in fiber-reinforced composite materials. This article describes ultrasonic nondestructive analysis by outlining its three basic types of scans. It reviews the important quality control techniques used during the manufacture of composite components by analyzing tooling control, material control, pattern orientation control, and in-process control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., frequency, and differential measurements Changes may indicate weakening or failed structural components, alignment issues, bearing wear, shaft crack, imbalance. Indirect indication of degradation or failure May provide advance warning of degradation prior to catastrophic failure Piping systems, rotating...
Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity,” ( Ref 1 ) and ISO 3369 ( Ref 3 ) can confirm chemical composition and complete densification during sintering/HIP. Cemented carbides containing cobalt binder are nondestructively evaluated for grain size (indirect) and carbon balance through the application...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... Nondestructive Evaluation Engineering The difference between NDE engineering and the classical engineering disciplines results from the variety of problems and the indirect nature of NDE measurements on engineering system performance. The functional performance of most NDE methods can be measured...
Abstract
The success of a reliable non-destructive evaluation (NDE) application depends greatly on the expertise and thoroughness of the NDE engineering that is performed. This article discusses the general considerations of NDE in terms of NDE response and NDE system management and schedule. It describes the NDE engineering and NDE process control, along with some case studies related to the applications of NDE. The article reviews various models for predicting NDE reliability, such as ultrasonic inspection model, eddy current inspection model, and radiographic inspection model. It concludes with an example that illustrates the integration of an ultrasonic reliability model with a CAD system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006446
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... excess acoustic nonlinearity is directly related to microstructural changes, it can be used to nondestructively characterize the material. Quantifying the microstructural change by measuring the excess acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β e ) requires a relationship between excess nonlinearity...
Abstract
Nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques are based on nonlinear interaction of ultrasonic waves with the material to be characterized and defects to be detected. This article introduces the basic principles of nonlinear material-wave interaction, the origin of intrinsic nonlinearity in intact solids, and the main mechanisms of excess nonlinearity in damaged metals. It describes the measurement methods for nonlinear ultrasonic materials characterization and flaw-detection. The article schematically illustrates the instrumentation used for measurements of longitudinal wave and Rayleigh surface acoustic waves. It concludes with information on the applications of nonlinear ultrasonics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003700
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the following: Nondestructive inspection Use of coupons Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization Use of electrical resistance probes Use of linear polarization resistance Use of galvanic currents Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Use of electrochemical noise measurement Indirect...
Abstract
This article provides useful information on the occurrence of corrosion in crude oil refinery units, namely, crude unit, catalytic and thermal cracking units, hydroprocessing units, amine sweetening units, and sour water units. Types and applications of corrosion inhibitors, namely, neutralizers, filming inhibitors, scavengers, microbiocides, and anti-foulants and scale inhibitors, are reviewed. The article describes the direct and indirect corrosion monitoring methods used to reduce equipment damage due to corrosion events and to assess the reliability and useful service life of process equipment.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... based on a review of the measurements documented in Ref 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 . The Krak Gage technique utilizes an indirect dc potential measurement method, and Liaw et al. have utilized this gage for fatigue studies ( Ref 29 , 30 , 31 ). Krak Gage...
Abstract
This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel electrode imaging methods. The article discusses the magnetic techniques that are primarily used as inspection techniques for detecting fatigue cracks in structural components. It details the principles and operation procedures of the liquid penetrant methods, positron annihilation techniques, acoustic emission techniques, ultrasonic methods, eddy current techniques, infrared techniques, exoelectron methods, and gamma radiography. The article explains the microscopy methods used to determine fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. The article also reviews the X-ray diffraction technique used for determining the compositional changes, strain changes, and residual stress evaluation during the fatigue process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005628
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...-line evaluation of welds. Both on-line and off-line nondestructive evaluation methods of spot weld quality are discussed in this section. Weld-Quality Monitoring Using Process Signals Electric tip voltage, current, electrode force, and electrode displacement are commonly measured during...
Abstract
This article presents the structural attributes and internal characteristics of spot welds as well as the commonly inspected imperfections in resistance welds. It describes the industrial requirements for weld quality. Commonly performed destructive evaluations, namely, manual testing, quasi-static mechanical tests, dynamic mechanical tests, and metallographic examination, are reviewed. The article reviews weld-quality monitoring using various process signals and provides a discussion on the on-line and off-line nondestructive evaluation methods of spot weld quality.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... during extrusion is pushed through a die (direct extrusion) or a die is pushed over a stationary workpiece (indirect extrusion). There also are obvious differences in hardware and process layout and some basic process differences. The metal is generally subjected to much greater compression in extrusion...
Abstract
This article describes the direct hot extrusion process and the typical sequence of operations for producing extruded aluminum shapes from soft and medium-grade aluminum alloys, hard alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites. It discusses key process variables, including extrusion speed and exit temperature, and their effect on product quality. The article also provides information on extrusion presses, press dies, and tooling, and addresses quality issues such as surface defects, blistering, and internal cracking. It concludes with a discussion on the drawing of solid section and aluminum tube.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... integrity management. Pipeline Failure Analysis Investigation Procedures Pipeline failure analysis investigations typically follow a general process wherein a visual examination is followed by more detailed nondestructive examination and, finally, by destructive analysis and characterization...
Abstract
This article discusses the failure analysis of several steel transmission pipeline failures, describes the causes and characteristics of specific pipeline failure modes, and introduces pipeline failure prevention and integrity management practices and methodologies. In addition, it covers the use of transmission pipeline in North America, discusses the procedures in pipeline failure analysis investigation, and provides a brief background on the most commonly observed pipeline flaws and degradation mechanisms. A case study related to hydrogen cracking and a hard spot is also presented.
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