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Book Chapter

By Paul K. Trojan
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article provides an overview of exogenous and indigenous inclusions. It discusses the general concepts of phase diagrams, thermochemical relationships, and reaction rates, along with their practical significance. The article describes the most common techniques for controlling...
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 Manganese sulfide inclusions in steel. MnS inclusions (rounded gray particles) at grain boundaries of strand cast UNS G10170 steel that contains pearlite (mottled gray) in a matrix of ferrite (light). Etchant: picral. 500×. Courtesy of J.R. Kilpatrick. More
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 11 Influence of size and shape of sulfide inclusions on machinability. Two steels, identical in composition except for silicon content, exhibited different machinability ratings that were traced to differences in the size and shape of MnS inclusions. Source: Ref 12 Chemical More
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 13 Histogram of large inclusions in a slab casting tundish, based on the LiMCA technique, versus data for a wire quality steel, based on the slime extraction technique More
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs of inclusions at a break in a steel cord wire More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Oxide inclusions in tensile bars machined from actual castings contributing to poor tensile properties. Magnification: 8 × More
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 15 (a) Inclusions composed primarily of MnS and characterized by a light shade of gray. (b) Several dark gray oxides in a multiphase inclusion. Unetched More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Ductile iron crankshaft segment essentially free of exogenous inclusions (1, left) and with numerous exogenous inclusions (2, right). Low pouring temperature and poor mold-filling practice were the cause of the inclusions in part 2. More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Type II indigenous sulfide inclusions in a 0.25% C steel. Etched using 2% nital. Original Magnification: 500× More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Sedimentation/flotation of inclusions in aluminum melts More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Inclusions, entrained via the surface, carrying their coating of surface film and remnant of oxide bifilm trail More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Silicate inclusions (dark gray particles) randomly distributed in the ferrite matrix (light) of strand cast UNS G10170 steel that also contains pearlite (medium gray). Etchant: picral. 500×. Courtesy of J.R. Kilpatrick More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 Low-carbon steel showing inclusions of calcium sulfide outer rim (light gray) and calcium aluminate core (dark gray). The matrix is pearlite and ferrite. As-polished. 500×. Courtesy of B.L. Bramfitt and J.R. Kilpatrick More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 41 Scanning electron microscopy image of oxide inclusions in aluminum cast samples (fractured surface) More
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 6 Two examples of cracks initiated at inclusions. In figure (a) the crack clearly initiated at a void occurring in a cracked inclusion cluster. In figure (b) the crack appears to have initiated from the side of the inclusion. Cracks were observed after 150,000 cycles. Material was 2024-T3. More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Comparison of polishing methods for showing inclusions in wrought iron. (a) Specimen was polished on 10 to 20 μm Al 2 O 3 on billiard cloth. (b) Specimen was polished on 4 to 8 μm diamond on synthetic suede cloth. Both specimens were abraded on a fixed-abrasive lap before polishing More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 20 Use of vapor deposition to reveal entrapped tungsten carbide inclusions in an Al 2 O 3 -TiC cermet cutting tool. The as-polished surface was vapor deposited with ZnSe. The tungsten carbide is dark red, the titanium carbide is pink, and the Al 2 O 3 is blue. 1125×. (G.F. Vander Voort) More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 35 Manganese sulfide inclusions in resulfurized free-machining steel. Unetched (as-polished). Original magnification 500× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 36 Silicate inclusions in steel. Unetched (as-polished). Original magnification 1000× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 37 Aluminum oxide inclusions in steel. Note how the particles break up during rolling. Unetched (as-polished). Original magnification 1000× More