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Fig. 1 Two conventional forgings that include shallow rib-to-web enclosures. See text for details. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 5 Proposed models of the passive film. (a) General models include monolayers and multiple layers. Source: Ref 13. (b) Detailed proposed models for iron having single or double layers containing combinations of oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides. Source: Ref 14 More

Fig. 4 Inverted metallograph. Features include selection of incident light, various contrasting methods, camera, and microhardness tester. Courtesy of Leica, Inc. More

Fig. 8 Parts with holes punched by P/M tool steels. Parts include: punching of fine slots in brass parts for clocks; punching of 3 mm (0.118 in.) holes in high-carbon steel (0.7% C) sheet (240 HB); punching of holes in chain links made of 0.55% carbon steel with a thickness of 2 mm (0.079 More

Fig. 9 Blanked parts produced with P/M tooling. Parts include blanking of watch cases for wrist watches made from 18-8 stainless steel; fine blanking of components for automobile safety belts. Courtesy of Uddeholm Corp. More

Fig. 13 Eccentric-gear drives. Variations of eccentric-gear drives include the double-drive eccentric, the spool gear, and (at far right) the crankshaft with sides of cheeks keyed directly to the main gear. More

Fig. 9 After application, checks include visual appearance, coating thickness, and porosity, sometimes erroneously called an adhesion test. An electrical test checks for holes in the coating. Courtesy of J.A. Kehr More

Fig. 8 Common polyhydric alcohols used in polyester reactions include both di-, tri-, tetra-, and hexa- hydroxy-polyols. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 10 Schematics of typical coating systems. These include (a) the “as-deposited” pure aluminum or zinc sacrificial metallic coating, without the addition of any organics, applied to SAE 1018 steel; (b) the pure sacrificial coating applied to SAE 1018 steel plus a sealer or conversion coat More

Fig. 1 Metallic fatigue. The stages of fatigue include cyclic slip (crack nucleation) and stage I and stage II crack growth. More

Fig. 12 Widely used features of the acoustic emission burst-type signal include amplitude, duration, counts, and signal strength. More

Fig. 16 Trabecular offerings include (left to right) revision total knee arthroplasty augments, primary femoral stem, and salvage patella components. Courtesy of Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN More

Fig. 34 Scanning strategies for milling include slow scan versus repeated fast scans. More

Fig. 2 Vat polymerization setup options include the (a) top-down and the (b) bottom-up strategies. The most salient differences are positioning of the light in relation to the vat and movement of the building object (a) deeper into the vat and (b) from the vat surface and upward. More

Fig. 1 Estimated worldwide sales of ceramics. Does not include sales of glass products, which is estimated to be approximately $58 billion (1996). (a) Sales of traditional/industrial ceramics (1996). (b) Distribution of whiteware sales (1992). (c) Distribution of porcelain enamel sales (1992 More

Fig. 7 Common inspection tools include pen and paper, flashlight, tape measure, steel scale and digital calipers, loupe and handheld magnifier, fiber-optic light source, and digital single-lens reflex camera equipped with remote flash unit, macro lens, and extension tube. A benchtop stereo More

Fig. 13 Lang topograph of a silicon crystal showing dislocations, including a Frank-Read source and thickness fringes. Source: Ref 20 More

Fig. 17 Micrograph showing the included material within the handle. 24× More

Fig. 18 The FTIR spectrum obtained on the included particle, characteristic of polybutadiene More

Fig. 20 Micrograph of a forging lap. Note the included oxide material in the lap. 20× More