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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... examination methods based on flaw type and product stage is presented in a table. The article also discusses in-service inspection of tubular products and presents an example that illustrates the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) for welds in austenitic stainless steel tubing. tubular products...
Abstract
This article provides information on the application of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies to tube and pipe products. These include modeling and simulation methods, eddy-current methods, magnetic methods, acoustic methods, and physical methods. A summary of nondestructive examination methods based on flaw type and product stage is presented in a table. The article also discusses in-service inspection of tubular products and presents an example that illustrates the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) for welds in austenitic stainless steel tubing.
Image
Equivalent damage years (EDY) for the upper head control rod drive mechanis...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Equivalent damage years (EDY) for the upper head control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) nozzles of U.S. PWRs in Sept 2002. ISI, in-service inspection. Source: Ref 38
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is used throughout the lifecycle, and includes the inspection of new, aging, and in-service structures and equipment. With the increasing performance demands imposed by the highly competitive economic climate of today, it is often necessary to extend the service life or expectancy. Thus, it is critical...
Abstract
This article provides information on life assessment strategies and conceptually illustrates the interplay of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It presents information on probability of detection (POD) and probability of false alarm (PFA). The article describes the damage tolerance approach to life management of cyclic-limited engine components and lists the commonly used nondestructive evaluation methods. It concludes with an illustration on the role of NDE, as quantified by POD, in fully probabilistic life management.
Book Chapter
Standards and Codes for Nondestructive Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., nondestructive inspection (NDI), or nondestructive evaluation in the aerospace manufacturing, service, maintenance, and overhaul industries. In 2002, NAS 410 was harmonized with European Norm 4179, so that the requirements in both documents are identical. NAS 999, “Nondestructive Inspection of Advanced...
Abstract
This article is a brief guide to information sources on nondestructive testing (NDT). It provides examples of some of the standards bodies commonly used by NDT personnel. These include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), American Welding Society (AWS), American Petroleum Institute (API), and American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). All of these organizations used industry subject-matter experts and a consensus process in the development of their codes and standards.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Monitoring Using Microwave and Guided Wave Nondestructive Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...) tools: microwave NDE and guided wave (GW) ultrasonic NDE methods. The in-service inspection scenario is complicated by the fact that corrosion is often hidden, and expensive disassembly can be required to complete an inspection. Microwave and GW NDE techniques have promise as methods that minimize...
Abstract
Microwave and guided wave (GW) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are capable of detecting corrosion damage, cracks, and other defect types in inaccessible areas. This article describes the operation principles of the techniques and provides information on hidden corrosion detection and the applications of microwave NDE devices and GW ultrasonic NDE devices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... industry and governmental bodies, often in response to major plant incidents. A set of inspection requirements at the time of construction and commissioning was generally required by the design codes with some guidance on periodic inspection once in service. These inspection requirements became more...
Abstract
This article focuses on the aspects associated with inspection related to pressure vessels and pipework. These aspects include inspection policy, inspection planning and procedures, inspection strategy, inspection methodology, preparation for inspection, invasive inspection, internal visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses the data acquisition, reporting and trending, and review and audit for the inspection. It reviews inspection techniques, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Techniques Nondestructive inspection methods are specified for material and/or component inspection requirements to maintain the necessary quality for the final service life of the material/component. In most industries, the inspection requirements are defined in a specification that describes...
Abstract
Both nondestructive testing (NDT) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) use noninvasive measurement techniques to gain information about defects and various properties of materials, components, and structures. This article begins with a discussion on the historical development of quantitative measurement techniques, evaluation reliability, and quantitative interpretation of nondestructive inspection methods. The common nondestructive evaluation methods, along with their uses and limitations, are summarized in a table. The article conceptually illustrates the interplay of NDE and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It concludes with information on pressure vessel applications that can be separated into three protocols used by military nuclear power, commercial nuclear power, and non-nuclear pressure vessels and/or fired boilers.
Book Chapter
Nondestructive Inspection of Adhesive-Bonded Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., the area is marked and subsequently repaired. To ensure that all bonded areas are inspected and that no water remains trapped in the assembly, it is then radiographed. This is important because water can turn into ice during operational service and rupture the cells, or it can initiate corrosion...
Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints are extensively used in aircraft components and assemblies where structural integrity is critical. This article addresses the problem of how to inspect bonded assemblies so that all discrepancies are identified. It describes several inspection techniques and presents drawbacks and limitations of these techniques. Generic flaw types and flaw-producing mechanisms are listed in a table. The article discusses metal-to-metal defects, adherend defects, honeycomb sandwich defects, repair defects, and in-service defects. It reviews the methods applicable to the inspection of bonded structures, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray radiography, and neutron radiography. The evaluation and correlation of inspection results are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the effects of ultrasonic wave interference in the ultrasonic inspection of adhesive-bonded joints.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... fatigue database from testing and in-service monitoring. Although the load level required by the FAA and the DoD varies, both specify residual strength requirements that vary with the flaw damage assumption, ability to inspect damage, type of in-service inspection used, and type of aircraft. The loading...
Abstract
This article describes the role of the full-scale testing in assessing composite structural systems of aircraft and qualifying them for in-service use. The typical full-scale tests include static, durability, and damage tolerance. The article discusses the parameters to be considered when developing the basic requirements for the static test. These parameters consist of material considerations, moisture and temperature effects, structure size, load application alternatives, instrumentation requirements, test procedure considerations, ultimate load requirements, and test results correlation. The basic requirements common for durability and damage tolerance tests, including environmental effects and inspection requirements, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article describes some of the welding discontinuities and flaws characterized by nondestructive examinations. It focuses on nondestructive inspection methods used in the welding industry. The sources of weld discontinuities and defects as they relate to service failures...
Abstract
This article describes some of the welding discontinuities and flaws characterized by nondestructive examinations. It focuses on nondestructive inspection methods used in the welding industry. The sources of weld discontinuities and defects as they relate to service failures or rejection in new construction inspection are also discussed. The article discusses the types of base metal cracks and metallurgical weld cracking. The article discusses the processes involved in the analysis of in-service weld failures. It briefly reviews the general types of process-related discontinuities of arc welds. Mechanical and environmental failure origins related to other types of welding processes are also described. The article explains the cause and effects of process-related discontinuities including weld porosity, inclusions, incomplete fusion, and incomplete penetration. Different fitness-for-service assessment methodologies for calculating allowable or critical flaw sizes are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... procedures that may apply following a failure include procedures for returning an equipment item to service following a failure, equipment inspection procedures, and fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment procedures. Equipment inspection records should be reviewed for approaching or overdue required internal...
Abstract
This article discusses pressure vessels, piping, and associated pressure-boundary items of the types used in nuclear and conventional power plants, refineries, and chemical-processing plants. It begins by explaining the necessity of conducting a failure analysis, followed by the objectives of a failure analysis. Then, the article discusses the processes involved in failure analysis, including codes and standards. Next, fabrication flaws that can develop into failures of in-service pressure vessels and piping are covered. This is followed by sections discussing in-service mechanical and metallurgical failures, environment-assisted cracking failures, and other damage mechanisms that induce cracking failures. Finally, the article provides information on inspection practices.
Book Chapter
Evaluation and Quality Control of Brazed Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... that affect the strength, durability, and suitability of a brazed assembly for service can be divided into three categories: design factors, inspectable factors, and process control factors. Design factors include the proper selection of base materials, filler metals, and brazing process; designing for ease...
Abstract
This article outlines the requirements and methods associated with the inspection of brazements. It emphasizes the incorporation of these requirements into the overall quality system. The article reviews the acceptance limits, design limitations, and nondestructive and destructive inspection techniques involved in the brazement inspection. Selected case studies are also provided for further reference.
Book Chapter
Failure Prevention through Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006802
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... on failure and life assessment of components, structural design philosophies, the role of the failure analyst in life assessment, and the role of nondestructive inspection. They also cover fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, fitness-for-service life assessment, brittle fracture...
Abstract
Life assessment of structural components is used to avoid catastrophic failures and to maintain safe and reliable functioning of equipment. The failure investigator's input is essential for the meaningful life assessment of structural components. This article provides an overview of the structural design process, the failure analysis process, the failure investigator's role, and how failure analysis of structural components integrates into the determination of remaining life, fitness-for-service, and other life assessment concerns. The topics discussed include industry perspectives on failure and life assessment of components, structural design philosophies, the role of the failure analyst in life assessment, and the role of nondestructive inspection. They also cover fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, fitness-for-service life assessment, brittle fracture assessments, corrosion assessments, and blast, fire, and heat damage assessments.
Book Chapter
Thermal Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Thermal inspection comprises all methods in which heat-sensing devices or substances are used to detect irregular temperatures. Inspection of workpieces can be used to detect flaws and undesirable distribution of heat during service. Though there are several methods of thermal...
Abstract
Thermal inspection comprises all methods in which heat-sensing devices or substances are used to detect irregular temperatures. Inspection of workpieces can be used to detect flaws and undesirable distribution of heat during service. Though there are several methods of thermal inspection and many types of temperature-measuring devices and substances, this article focuses only on thermography, which is the mapping of isotherms, or contours of equal temperature, over a test surface, and on thermometry, which is the measurement of temperature. Thermography techniques can be classified as contact thermographic methods using cholesteric liquid crystals, thermally quenched phosphors, and heat-sensitive paints, and noncontact techniques using hand-held infrared scanners, high-resolution infrared imaging systems, and thermal wave interferometer systems. Contact thermometric inspection devices include bolometers, thermocouples, thermopiles, and meltable substances, whereas radiometers and pyrometers come under the noncontact category.
Book Chapter
Overview of Quality and the Standards, Programs, and Certifications Used in the Coatings Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... practices to help companies increase their quality and productivity. The 14 points, which still are used today (2015), are as follows: Create constancy of purpose for improving products and services. Adopt the new philosophy. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. End the practice...
Abstract
This article defines quality, quality assurance, quality control, and quality management of processes, products, and services. It describes the evolution of quality control and quality assurance in the coatings industry. The article also discusses the standards, quality programs, and certifications in the coatings industry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... properly designed, fitness-for-service methods can be used to determine the current extent of fatigue damage, to realistically estimate remaining fatigue life, and to establish appropriate inspection intervals. Moreover, inspection (nondestructive examination) is a critical aspect of managing the risk...
Abstract
This article offers an overview of fatigue fundamentals, common fatigue terminology, and examples of damage morphology. It presents a summary of relevant engineering mechanics, cyclic plasticity principles, and perspective on the modern design by analysis (DBA) techniques. The article reviews fatigue assessment methods incorporated in international design and post construction codes and standards, with special emphasis on evaluating welds. Specifically, the stress-life approach, the strain-life approach, and the fracture mechanics (crack growth) approach are described. An overview of high-cycle welded fatigue methods, cycle-counting techniques, and a discussion on ratcheting are also offered. A historical synopsis of fatigue technology advancements and commentary on component design and fabrication strategies to mitigate fatigue damage and improve damage tolerance are provided. Finally, the article presents practical fatigue assessment case studies of in-service equipment (pressure vessels) that employ DBA methods.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003512
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... information on fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, and fitness-for-service life assessment. elevated-temperature life assessment fabrication failure analysis fatigue life assessment fitness-for-service life assessment material defects nondestructive inspection stress...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the structural design process and discusses the life-limiting factors, including material defects, fabrication practices, and stress. It details the role of a failure investigator in performing nondestructive inspection. The article provides information on fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, and fitness-for-service life assessment.
Image
Smart pipeline inspection gage devices enable internal inspection of in-ser...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 19 Smart pipeline inspection gage devices enable internal inspection of in-service line pipe. Such devices can be equipped with odometers, calipers, tilt sensors, magnetic sensors, and ultrasonic transducers to capture information about the condition of the pipe without removing it from
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Book Chapter
Concepts of Fracture Control and Damage Tolerance Analysis
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... the cracked structure or component. In the design stage, one still has the options to select a more crack-resistant material or improve the structural design to ensure that cracks will not become dangerous during the projected economic service life. Alternatively, periodic inspections may be scheduled, so...
Abstract
Fracture control is a systematic process to prevent fracture during operation that depends on the criticality of the component, the economic consequences of the structures being out of service, and the damage that would be caused by a fracture failure. This article describes the key principles of fracture control and reviews the concepts of damage tolerance analysis. It further presents practical guidelines to obtain useful and reasonable answers from damage tolerance analysis. The article concludes with information on fracture mechanics and fatigue design.
Book Chapter
Failures Related to Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the general causes of weldment failures, which may arise from rejection after inspection or failure to pass mechanical testing as well as loss of function in service. It focuses on the general discontinuities observed in welds, and shows how some...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the general causes of weldment failures, which may arise from rejection after inspection or failure to pass mechanical testing as well as loss of function in service. It focuses on the general discontinuities observed in welds, and shows how some imperfections may be tolerable and how the other may be root-cause defects in service failures. The article explains the effects of joint design on weldment integrity. It outlines the origins of failure associated with the inherent discontinuity of welds and the imperfections that might be introduced from arc welding processes. The article also describes failure origins in other welding processes, such as electroslag welds, electrogas welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, flash welds, electron and laser beam weld, and high-frequency induction welds.
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