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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 23 Impact force versus impacter mass for 73 J impacts with a 25.4 mm diam tup to filled and empty 36 mm thick AS4/HBRF-55A filament-wound cases
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Mass loss vs. number of compound impact cycles for aluminium 2011 T3 specimens tested against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces with varying sliding velocities (impact stress 10.8 MPa). Source: Ref 5
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Mass loss vs. number of compound impact cycles for 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces tested with CPM-10V steel specimens (impact stress 69 MPa). Source: Ref 26
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Mass loss vs. sliding velocity for compound impact testing of titanium alloy RMI 5522S specimens against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces (impact stress 18.6 MPa). Source: Ref 20
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Mass loss vs. number of compound impact cycles for 1410 steel specimens of varying length run against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces (impact stress 69 MPa; sliding velocity 10 m/s). Source: Ref 21
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 11 Mass loss versus number of compound-impact cycles for aluminum 2011-T3 specimens tested against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces with varying sliding velocities (impact stress: 10.8 MPa, or 1.6 ksi). Source: Ref 8
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 12 Mass loss versus number of compound-impact cycles for 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces tested with CPM-10V steel specimens (impact stress: 69 MPa, or 10 ksi). Source: Ref 31
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Mass loss versus sliding velocity for compound-impact testing of titanium alloy RMI 5522S specimens against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces (impact stress: 18.6 MPa, or ksi). Source: Ref 23
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 14 Mass loss versus number of compound-impact cycles for 1410 steel specimens of varying length run against 17-4 PH stainless steel counterfaces (impact stress: 69 MPa, or 10 ksi; sliding velocity: 10 m/s, or 33ft/s). Source: Ref 24
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Image
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 58 Ion impact removal of atoms or clusters from solid surfaces. Mass analysis of the sputtered particles is the basis of the static secondary ion mass spectrometry technique. Simultaneous x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the bottom of the etch crater produces chemical depth
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002416
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... strength and tensile strength. The article reviews low velocity impacts in aircraft structures in terms of resin toughness, laminate thickness, specimen size and impactor mass, and post-impact fatigue. It explains the tension strength analysis, such as linear elastic fracture mechanics and R-curve methods...
Abstract
This article presents the damage tolerance criteria for military composite aircraft structures to safely operate the structures with initial defects or in-service damage. It describes the effects of defects, such as wrinkles in aircraft structures, and the reduction in compressive strength and tensile strength. The article reviews low velocity impacts in aircraft structures in terms of resin toughness, laminate thickness, specimen size and impactor mass, and post-impact fatigue. It explains the tension strength analysis, such as linear elastic fracture mechanics and R-curve methods, to predict the residual strength of the structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Impact wear can be defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another solid body. This article discusses the volume (or mass) removal of material either at or under engineering contact stress levels...
Abstract
Impact wear can be defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another solid body. This article discusses the volume (or mass) removal of material either at or under engineering contact stress levels and outlines a rational, semi-empirical impact wear theory. It illustrates a linear wear mechanism that occurs in print heads and repetitive impacts that take place in metallic machine contacts. The article concludes with information on plotting a wear curve for an originally plane, massive carbon steel machine platen subjected to repetitive compound impact by a hard, nonwearing spherical-ended steel alloy component.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... an explanation on mechanisms, forms (sliding, impact, and rolling) and the causes of wear. It describes the wear measuring methods, including the mass loss method, wear width method, and scar depth method. The units used to report wear vary with type of wear and with the purpose for which the data are to be used...
Abstract
Wear is mechanically-induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material. Because different types of wear occur in machinery, many different types of wear tests have been developed to evaluate its effects on materials and surface treatments. This article provides an explanation on mechanisms, forms (sliding, impact, and rolling) and the causes of wear. It describes the wear measuring methods, including the mass loss method, wear width method, and scar depth method. The units used to report wear vary with type of wear and with the purpose for which the data are to be used. Listing the considerations of tribosystem analysis, the article provides information on selection of ASTM wear test methods grouped by wear type. The article concludes by tabulating the testing geometries and parameters that are commonly controlled and reported when conducting wear tests.
Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 2 Typical dependence of erosion (defined as mass lost per unit mass of impinging particles) on impact angle (defined as the angle between the impact direction and the surface)
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... incubation period when the specimen gains mass. Important Variables in Erosion Erosion, defined as mass removed from the surface per unit mass of impacting particles, depends strongly on the following: Particle impact velocity Particle impact angle Particle size, shape, and material...
Abstract
This article addresses the important variables in erosion, such as particle impact velocity; particle impact angle; particle size, shape, and material; and ambient temperature. It describes four erosion test methods: the gas-blast method, a method using a centrifugal accelerator test rig, the wind-tunnel test, and the whirling arm test. The article also details the various test methods used to measure impact velocity of particle and data analysis and interpretation of these four methods.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 32 The principle of operation of a 3D atom probe. The x and y coordinates of each atom are determined from the impact position on the position-sensitive detector. The z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. The mass-to-charge ratio and hence
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Image
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 14 Impact of drying and saturation on the weight of binder-jet-printed parts with and without heating. In unheated powder beds (NH), the mass of the parts increases linearly with saturation for all thicknesses. With powder-bed heating (H), the normalized mass of the parts more than one
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... While mass loss in impact wear mainly results from wear debris arising from the subsurface zones, wear also occurs as a result of plastic deformation and subsequent “mushrooming” of the impacting bodies, leading to the creation of leading and trailing edges (see Fig. 4 ) ( Ref 5 , 6 , 11...
Abstract
This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear apparatus. Most mechanical components continue to be functional beyond the zero wear limit, and their usefulness is normally connected with the loss of a specific depth of material. The article reviews the zero impact wear model and some measurable impact wear models. It presents a case study illustrating the impact of wear failure on automotive engine inlet valves and seat inserts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... Mass Loss and Advanced Periods of Erosion During the incubation period, that is, for relatively small exposure times (see the section “ Pitting and Incubation Period ” in this article), cavitation damage in metals is mostly characterized by plastic deformations. Although the most intense impacts...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of cavitation erosion with a specific focus on the estimation of mass loss. It describes the mechanisms of cavitation erosion and the types of laboratory devices to evaluate the resistance to cavitation erosion of materials. The laboratory devices include rotating disks, vibratory devices, cavitating liquid jets, and high-speed cavitation tunnels. The article discusses materials selection and surface protection to prevent cavitation erosion. It reviews the fluid-structure interaction that plays a role in cavitation erosion particularly for compliant materials. The article provides information on the numerical prediction of cavitation erosion damage by the finite element method (FEM).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... plastic flow may occur in the counterface, where shoulders can form of material removed from the contact zone that is no longer load bearing but would not be measured as lost mass. Fig. 4 Schematic diagrams of the different mechanisms of impact wear. Source: Ref 14 Fig. 5 Model of lost...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
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