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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... testing. The first uses a hammer impact rig to study material performance; the second uses actual components to simulate an accurate contact geometry. This article was revised from R. Lewis and R. Dwyer-Joyce, “ Impact Wear Failures ,” Failure Analysis and Prevention , Volume 11, ASM Handbook...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003843
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract Portland cement concrete has low environmental impact, versatility, durability, and economy, which make it the most abundant construction material in the world. This article details the types and causes of concrete degradation. Concrete can be degraded by corrosion of reinforcing steel...
Abstract
Portland cement concrete has low environmental impact, versatility, durability, and economy, which make it the most abundant construction material in the world. This article details the types and causes of concrete degradation. Concrete can be degraded by corrosion of reinforcing steel and other embedded metals, chlorides, carbonation, galvanic corrosion, chemical attack, alkali-aggregate reaction, abrasion, erosion, and cavitation as well as many other factors. The article addresses the durability of concrete by two approaches, namely, the prescriptive approach and the performance approach. In the former, designers specify materials, proportions, and construction methods based on fundamental principles and practices that exhibit satisfactory performance. In the latter, designers identify functional requirements such as strength, durability, and volume changes and rely on concrete producers and contractors to develop concrete mixtures to meet those requirements.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003841
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... temperature Viscosity and thermal conductivity of components Process vessel design versus process containment Phase equilibrium (melting point and solid/liquid percentages) of all materials Material issues impacted by the process on the refractory also are listed in Table 1 . The importance...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the corrosion theory relating to refractories on the basis of acid/base reactions, thermodynamics, and kinetic considerations. The tests to evaluate refractory corrosive wear are reviewed. The article describes the specific refractories used in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical-resistant applications. Specific material issues that should be considered or evaluated when choosing or using refractory materials are discussed.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... compounding in which other ingredients are homogeneously mixed with the raw elastomers to impart specific properties. The quantity and quality of each additive significantly impacts the part performance, because the chemical environment to which the part is exposed can extract the additives differently...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of environmental performance of the most commonly used nonmetallic materials. The materials include elastomers, plastics, thermosetting resins, resin-matrix composites, organic coatings, concrete, refractories, and ceramics. The article also provides information on the applications and uses of these materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.9781627081610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...) compliance, surface lubricity, colorability, and abrasion resistance. Compounders design their products by selecting and adding different types of ingredients in varying amounts. The selection, quantity, and quality of each ingredient significantly impact part performance, because the chemical environment...
Abstract
Elastomers belong to a group of materials known as polymers that acquire their properties and strength from their molecular weight, chain entanglements, and crystalline regions. This article focuses on the use of elastomers as seals and describes its performance capabilities from the point of a sealant. The important technical concepts that define the performance capabilities of the elastomeric part include polymer architecture (molecular building blocks), compounding (the ingredients within the polymer), and vulcanization of the elastomer shape. The article discusses the aggressiveness of the chemical environment, temperature, and minor constituents in the environment and in the material itself that affect the chemical resistance of the elastomer. It provides a discussion on performance evaluation methods, namely, immersion testing and application specific testing that are determined using ISO and ASTM standards. The article concludes with information on elastomer failure modes and failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... components exposed to local weather conditions. Wall components are entered into the program with the local interior and exterior environments, and the program assesses the thermal properties of the components, the impact on heating losses, and the direction of vapor diffusion and liquid transport. It can...
Abstract
This article identifies the coatings applied to many substrates for both beautification and protection, and the inherent conflicts that exist between the coatings and the buildings they are designed to protect; emphasis is placed on masonry walls. It provides information on the purposes of the coatings in the commercial buildings. The article briefly describes some of the most common types of substrates found in buildings and the coatings commonly associated with each substrate. The selection of the coating system depends on the substrate and service expectations. The article addresses the primary causes of masonry coating problems and also provides a detailed discussion on the wall design considerations, moisture considerations, and coating system challenges in the masonry buildings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... processes for a TDS experiment. The factors that must be considered when performing TPD experiments and several methods of analyzing TPD data are covered. A few studies where TPD was used to elucidate surface reactions that impact the tribological performances of materials are also discussed. thermal...
Abstract
This article focuses on the principles and applications of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) use to study adsorption, desorption, and reaction of adsorbed atoms and molecules on surfaces. The discussion provides information on various components of and specimen preparation processes for a TDS experiment. The factors that must be considered when performing TPD experiments and several methods of analyzing TPD data are covered. A few studies where TPD was used to elucidate surface reactions that impact the tribological performances of materials are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... testing will alter the condition of the sample/component. The analyst must determine not only what mechanical tests will provide the most useful information but also determine the order in which the testing will be performed. Because load testing and impact testing require sectioning, all photography...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... (HIPS). Impact modifiers are used extensively in high-performance polymers such as polycarbonate (PC), polyamides, polypropylene oxide (PPO), and polyacetals. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) also benefit from the addition of impact modifiers. The energy available...
Abstract
Additives for plastics and elastomers are used to increase the ease of processing and to improve the properties of the final product. Additives improve processing characteristics by increasing lubricity and by stabilizing the polymer. Additives that improve properties include those that decrease static charge development and microbial activity and those that improve flame retardation characteristics, color, light stability, impact resistance, density and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the additives for polymers and elastomers that are used for improving processing--blowing agents, mold-release agents, lubricants, plasticizers, and heat stabilizers--and for improving properties antimicrobials, antioxidants, antistatic agents, colorants, fillers and fiber reinforcements, flame retardants, impact modifiers, light stabilizers, plasticizers, and heat stabilizers. Furthermore, it discusses the method for addition of these additives and the problems faced during compounding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005966
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... information on the impact of alloying on vulnerability to decarburization, and the impact of decarburization on the mechanical properties of steels and cast irons. The article also describes the technological operations that potentially cause decarburization and the practical implications for induction...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanisms, models, prevention, correction, and effects associated with decarburization inherited from semi-finished product processing prior to induction heating. It discusses the diffusion of carbon in austenitic iron, which has a face-centered cubic crystal structure that provides an interstitial path for the migration of the relatively small carbon atoms. The article describes the evolution of steel microstructure with progressive decarburization (in air) to a steady-state carbon gradient using an iron-iron carbide phase diagram. It provides useful information on the impact of alloying on vulnerability to decarburization, and the impact of decarburization on the mechanical properties of steels and cast irons. The article also describes the technological operations that potentially cause decarburization and the practical implications for induction hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composites, this article describes environmental exposures that can occur during specimen preparation and testing. These include exposures during specimen preparation, and planned exposure such as moisture, damage (impact), and thermal cycling. The article...
Abstract
Tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composite materials is performed to determine uniaxial tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio relative to principal material directions, and helps in the prediction of the properties of laminates. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composites, this article describes environmental exposures that can occur during specimen preparation and testing. These include exposures during specimen preparation, and planned exposure such as moisture, damage (impact), and thermal cycling. The article also discusses the test methods of the four major types of mechanical testing of polymer-matrix composites: tensile, compression, flexural, and shear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006773
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... correct and applicable Development of any necessary analytical models (including FEA) that can be used to simulate all possible loading conditions the failed structure may have experienced (i.e., thermal, structural, vibration, or impact conditions) Performance of analyses to determine the loading...
Abstract
When complex designs, transient loadings, and nonlinear material behavior must be evaluated, computer-based techniques are used. This is where the finite-element analysis (FEA) is most applicable and provides considerable assistance in design analysis as well as failure analysis. This article provides a general view on the applicability of finite-element modeling in conducting analyses of failed components. It highlights the uses of finite-element modeling in the area of failure analysis and design, with emphasis on structural analysis. The discussion covers the general development and both general- and special-purpose applications of FEA. The special-purpose applications of FEA covered are piping and pressure vessel analysis, impact analysis, and microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems analysis. The article provides case histories that involved the use of FEA in failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... that compete with ABS can be grouped by performance. For the high-impact grades of ABS, PC and filled polypropylene (PP) are candidate competitors. Modified polyphenylene oxide (PPO) competes in the high-heat and high-impact areas. Acrylic competes with standard ABS grades because of its excellent...
Abstract
This article discusses the family characteristics, commercial forms, applications, resin grades, and mechanical and physical properties of traditional engineering thermoplastics in their neat (unmodified) form and as compounds and composites, namely, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, acrylics, high-density polyethylenes, reinforced polypropylenes, high-impact polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-acrylonitriles, and styrene-maleic anhydrides.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article focuses on casting design in general and on sand and permanent mold aluminum casting in particular. It examines the casting design process from a variety of design and processing perspectives. Excessive design iterations can adversely impact the casting design. The article...
Abstract
This article focuses on casting design in general and on sand and permanent mold aluminum casting in particular. It examines the casting design process from a variety of design and processing perspectives. Excessive design iterations can adversely impact the casting design. The article summarizes several strategies for improving the traditional casting design process. It also proposes some possible approaches for implementing these strategies. The article presents a vision for the development of comprehensive casting design guidelines along with specific development objectives.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Advanced thermoplastics have better properties than traditional engineering thermoplastics. They are stiff, moldable plastics with a good balance of tensile, compressive, impact, and shear strength, good electrical properties; and resistance to corrosives. They retain these high-performance properties over...
Abstract
Advanced thermoplastics are stiff, moldable plastics that compete with traditional engineering thermoplastics and thermosets owing to their good tensile, compressive, impact, and shear strength, electrical properties, and corrosion resistance. This article discusses commercial forms, family characteristics, properties and applications of the following advanced thermoplastics: homopolymer and copolymer acetals, fluoropolymers, ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyarylates, polyketones, polyaryl sulfones, polybutylene terephthalates, polycarbonates, polyether-imides, polyether sulfones, polyethylene terephthalates, thermoplastic polyimides, liquid crystal polymers, polyphenylene ether blends, polyphenylene sulfides, and polysulfones.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis. crack sizes...
Abstract
The goal of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in conjunction with failure analysis is to obtain the most comprehensive set of data in order to characterize the details of the damage and determine the factors that allowed the damage to occur. The NDE results can be used to determine optimal areas upon which to focus for sectioning and metallography in order to further investigate the condition of the component. This article provides information on the inspection method available for failure analysis, including standard methods such as visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... provides an overview of the basic design and safety considerations of the salt bath equipment and describes the environmental impact of molten salt bath cleaning. casting cleaning environmental impact flame spray removal glass removal molten salt bath cleaning paint stripping personnel safety...
Abstract
Molten salt baths are anhydrous, fused chemical baths used at elevated temperatures for a variety of industrial cleaning applications. This article discusses their applications in paint stripping, polymer removal, casting cleaning, glass removal, and plasma/flame spray removal. It provides an overview of the basic design and safety considerations of the salt bath equipment and describes the environmental impact of molten salt bath cleaning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... 8 using a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min (0.02 in./min). Room-temperature impact testing was carried out on standard Charpy V-notch specimens according to ASTM E 23. Rotating-bending fatigue (RBF) testing was performed using single-load, cantilever, rotating fatigue testers. The tensile, impact, and...
Abstract
This article discusses the production of low-alloy steel parts by powder forging, focusing on the material considerations, such as hardenability and inclusion assessment; and process considerations, including sintering and reheating, metal flow, and secondary operations. It presents the mechanical property data for copper and graphite powders mixed with an iron powder base to produce materials that generally contain 2″ Cu, including tensile, impact, and fatigue properties. Heat treatment procedures used in developing the properties of the prealloyed powder forged materials are also covered. Finally, the article describes the process steps and cost considerations in metal injection molding (MIM) and tabulates the composition, and mechanical properties of MIM low-alloy steels.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... discusses the material and process substitutions that can be used to eliminate the use or emissions of chromium in industrial processes. It describes the physical characteristics of each coating, economics, environmental impacts, advantages, and disadvantages of alternative processes. chromate...
Abstract
This article focuses on alternatives to chromium in both hard chromium plating and chromate conversion coating. These include electroless nickel plating, nickel-tungsten composite electroplating, spray coating applications, and cobalt/molybdenum-base conversion coating. The article discusses the material and process substitutions that can be used to eliminate the use or emissions of chromium in industrial processes. It describes the physical characteristics of each coating, economics, environmental impacts, advantages, and disadvantages of alternative processes.