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immersion water quenching
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 42 Effect of quenching medium on strength of 6061-T6 sheet. Water-immersion quench equals 100%. Control of coolant flow will minimize the decrease in mechanical properties.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... and spray quenching with water. hardness jet quenching quenching spray quenching water immersion quenching Introduction<xref rid="a0005816-fn1" ref-type="fn">[1]</xref> The term spray quenching refers to a wide variety of quenching processes that involve heat removal facilitated...
Abstract
Spray quenching refers to a wide variety of quenching processes that involve heat removal facilitated by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. This article provides information on the basic concepts of spray quenching, and discusses the most commonly used techniques in quench tank agitation to establish uniformity of the quenched part. Common techniques include quenchant stirring, quenchant circulation, and submerged jet/spray mixing. The article also describes the effect of quenching agitation and reviews heat-transfer characteristics of immersion quenching and spray quenching with water.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... be controlled by proper racking. It concludes with information on agitation and the quench tank system used in the quenching of aluminum alloys. agitation system aluminum alloys cooling rate immersion water quenching polyalkylene glycol polymer quenchants quench sensitivity quench severity quench...
Abstract
Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of metal from the solution treating temperature, typically between 465 and 565 deg C (870 and 1050 deg F) for aluminum alloys. This article provides an overview on the appropriate quenching process and factors used to determine suitable cooling rate. It describes the quench sensitivity and severity of alloys, quench mechanisms and the different types of quenchants used in immersion, spray, and fog quenching. The article provides a detailed description of the quench-factor analysis that mainly includes residual stress and distortion, which can be controlled by proper racking. It concludes with information on agitation and the quench tank system used in the quenching of aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... or cold water and polyalkylene glycol (PAG) quenchants are used almost exclusively in the quenching of aluminum alloys. Water is the fliyud most frequently employed for quenching aluminum, but there are a variety of quenchants and methods that have been used ( Ref 1 ): Cold water immersion Hot...
Abstract
The fundamental objective of quenching is to preserve, as nearly as possible, a metastable solid solution formed at the solution heat treating temperature, by rapidly cooling to some lower temperature, usually near room temperature. This article provides an overview of the factors used to determine a suitable cooling rate and the appropriate quenching process to develop a suitable cooling rate. It discusses the three distinct stages of quenching: vapor stage, boiling stage, and convection stage. The article reviews the factors that affect the rate of cooling in production operations. It discusses the quenchants that are used in quenching aluminum alloys, namely, hot or cold water and polyalkylene glycol. The article also describes the racking practices for controlling distortion and the level of residual stresses induced during the quench.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
...) still air, (2) water spray, (3) immersion oil quenched, (4) oil spray, and (5–7) compressed air. In the following, the first number is the initial pressure, and the second number is the final pressure: (5) 3/2.5 atm, 1.6/2.4 1/cm 2 s; (6) 5/3 atm, 2.3/1.6 1/cm 2 s; (7) 10/5 atm, 3.5/2.3 1/cm 2 s...
Abstract
This article presents the fundamentals of induction hardening (IH). It focuses on liquid quenching technology, but some specifics and brief comments are provided regarding alternative quenching media as well. The article provides a discussion on the following quench modes that can be applied in IH using liquid media: conventional immersion quenching, open spray quenching, flood quenching, and submerged quench or submerged spray quench. It also focuses on four primary methods of IH: scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening.
Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 10 Residual stresses measured by a neutron diffraction technique in a U-0.8Ti alloy cylinder. (a) After a gamma solution heat treatment and water immersion quench, a biaxial stress state is observed with very large surface compressive and interior tensile residual stresses. (b) Aging
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005929
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... externally heated furnaces heat treatment immersed-electrode furnaces isothermal quenching furnaces salt baths salt quenching steel submerged-electrode furnaces SALT BATHS are used commercially in a wide variety of heat treating operations including neutral hardening, tempering, liquid...
Abstract
This article provides information on the salt baths used for a variety of heat treatments, including heating, quenching, interrupted quenching (austempering and martempering), case hardening, and tempering. It describes two general types of salt bath systems for steel hardening: the first type uses atmosphere austenitizing followed by salt quench and the second type employs austenitizing salt baths with rapid transfer to the quench salt. The article provides a detailed account on the construction, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of isothermal quenching furnaces, submerged-electrode furnaces, immersed-electrode furnaces, and externally heated furnaces. It discusses the important applications of various furnace designs, including the austempering of ductile iron, the hardening of tool steels, and the isothermal annealing of high-alloy steels.
Image
Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 18 Examples of the wetting process upon immersion in quenching media (rewetting). These media include (a) petroleum oil, (b) water, (c) a prismatic surface quenched in water, (d) aqueous solution of polymer 1, and (e) aqueous solution of polymer 2. Source: Ref 59
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003768
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... to 25 s. Almost immediately, a black film forms, which should be scrubbed off under running water with a soft brush. This must be done without delay to prevent staining the etched surface. If the etch is too light, the specimen can be immersed for 5 to 10 s and scrubbed again. This procedure is repeated...
Abstract
This article focuses on the specimen preparation procedures of austenitic manganese steels: sectioning, mounting, and grinding. It provides information on macroexamination and microexamination of a fracture surface, the microstructure and special features of austenitic manganese steels, and the alloying elements used.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005794
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... largely exceeds the heat-removal capability of the quenching fluidized bed through only the fluidizing gas, it is necessary to use additional cooling systems and bed-temperature control means. These include a cooling container ( Fig. 1 ), cooling pipes immersed in the bed, regular water spray, and air...
Abstract
The fluidized bed provides a means for exchanging heat between a metal part, the solid particles, and the fluidizing gas and which is viable for quenching. This article briefly considers the design aspects of the gas distributor, plenum, container, immersed cooling tubes and surface air spray cooling system in the quenching fluidized bed. It describes the fundamental factors affecting quenching power of the fluidized beds, namely, particle size, particle material, fluidizing gas composition, fluidizing gas flow rate, bed temperature and pressure, and the arrangement of quenched parts with respect to one another and to the bed. The article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, various applications and processes, including conventional batch quenching, two-step batch quenching, and continuous quenching of fluidized bed quenching, in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Permanickel 300, solution annealed 1 h at 1205 °C (2200 °F) and water quenched, aged 10 h at 480 °C (900 °F) and water quenched. Dispersed particles of TiN and graphite (black dots) in nickel solid solution. NaCN, (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 . 100× Fig. 6 Duranickel 301, solution annealed for 30 min at 980 °C...
Abstract
This article explains how to prepare nickel-base alloys for metallographic examination and identifies related processing and imaging challenges. It describes sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing procedures along with alternative electropolishing processes. It also provides information on etching and examines the microstructure of Nickel 200, Nickel 270, Duranickel 301, Monel 400, Monel R-405, Monel K-500, and other nickel alloys.
Image
Published: 15 June 2019
Fig. 5 Effect of quenching medium on (a) yield strength and (b) tensile strength of 6061-T6 sheet. Water-immersion quench equals 100%. Control of coolant flow minimizes the decrease in mechanical properties.
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
...). It is slightly more effective than the sodium hydride bath on high-chromium alloys, such as type 310 stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium-nickel-base alloys, such as L-605. Processing steps are similar. Parts are immersed in the oxidizing bath for 5 to 15 min, quenched in water, soaked in a solution of 5 to 10...
Abstract
This article describes the methods for removing metallic contaminants, tarnish, and scale resulting from hot-working or heat-treating operations on nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base heat-resistant alloys. It provides a brief description of applicable finishing and coating processes, including polishing, electroplating, ceramic coatings, diffusion coatings, and shot-peening. The article presents numerous examples that identify cleaning and finishing problems and the procedures used to solve them.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005935
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... hardness measurement and by measuring through-depth hardness of the machine component. Critical cooling rates with carbon steels and low-alloy steels can be achieved by cooling a machine component of austenitic microstructure, which is achieved by immersion into a quenching medium such as water, oil...
Abstract
This article focuses on the heat removal stages involved in quenching, and on the experimental setup used for measuring temperature and detecting sound signals with the help of illustrations and curves. The quenching process generates acoustic signals, which are the consequences of the phase transformation of steel and of the boiling process at the interface during the cooling process. The sound-pressure signal is captured by the hydrophone through sound-emission measurements that occur during steel quenching in different quenching media. The analysis of the results offers an interesting approach to evaluation and, more importantly, to monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the entire quenching process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006999
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... by cooling a machine component of austenitic microstructure, which is achieved by immersion into a quenching medium such as water, oil, polymeric water solutions, and emulsions. The hardness distribution of steel through the whole workpiece body depends on several factors: chemical composition (alloying...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005802
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... are required for the bath to attain temperature equalization in oil at 205 to 220 °C (400 to 425 °F). The immersion time required in salt can be reduced by as much as 50% by addition of 0.5 to 2% water. Water Additions to Salt The quenching severity of a nitrate-nitrite salt can be increased...
Abstract
This article describes the advantages of martempering and the use of oil and salt as quenchants in the martempering process. It also discusses safety precautions to be followed by an operator and reviews the steels that are suitable for martempering. The article provides information on the importance of controlling process variables in martempering, including austenitizing temperature, temperature of the martempering bath, time in the bath, salt contamination, water additions to salt, agitation, and the rate of cooling from the martempering bath. It also describes specific situations in which distortion problems have been encountered during martempering. The article contains tables that indicate typical applications of martempering in salt and oil by listing commonly treated steel parts and giving details of martempering procedures and hardness requirements. The article also lists equipment requirements for oil and salt martempering of steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... carburizing bath. Analysis of a noncyanide liquid carburizing bath is achieved by a rapid performance test in which a 1008 steel wire 1.6 mm (1/16; in.) in diameter is immersed for 3 min in the bath, then is water quenched and mechanically bent through 90°. The bath is well activated if the wire breaks...
Abstract
This article describes the uses of the liquid carburizing process carried out in low and high temperature cyanide-containing baths, and details the noncyanide liquid carburizing process which can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon. It presents a simple formula for estimating total case depth, and illustrates the influence of carburizing temperature, duration of carburizing, quenching temperature, and quenching medium with the aid of typical hardness gradients. The article provides information on controlling of cyaniding time and temperature, bath composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance of cyanide waste disposal in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005862
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., on quenching. It also describes various quenching methods for steel induction heat treating, namely, spray quenching, immersion quenching, self or mass quenching, and forced air quenching. The article also reviews quench system design and quenchants and their maintenance. brine quenching induction...
Abstract
Induction heating for hardening of steels has advantages from the standpoint of quenching because parts are individually processed in a controlled manner. This article provides information on the effect of agitation, temperature, hardening, residual stresses, and quenching media, on quenching. It also describes various quenching methods for steel induction heat treating, namely, spray quenching, immersion quenching, self or mass quenching, and forced air quenching. The article also reviews quench system design and quenchants and their maintenance.
Image
Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 3 Surface-cooling curves obtained by Lankin on an inductively heated 25 × 75 mm (1 × 3 in.) steel probe quenched by (1) still air, (2) water spray, (3) immersion oil quenched, (4) oil spray, and (5–7) compressed air. In the following, the first number is the initial pressure
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Image
in Modeling and Simulation of the Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys
> Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 11 Photo of the bottom XZ -plane 60 × 120 mm (2.4 × 4.7 in.) during water quenching with ical immersion (arrows indicate rewetting front)
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