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Book Chapter
Plating on Aluminum
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006491
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Aluminum components are often plated with other metals to mitigate the effects of corrosion and wear, improve application performance, and extend service life. This article discusses some of the more common aluminum plating processes, including electroplating, immersion plating...
Abstract
Aluminum components are often plated with other metals to mitigate the effects of corrosion and wear, improve application performance, and extend service life. This article discusses some of the more common aluminum plating processes, including electroplating, immersion plating, and electroless plating, and describes various plating materials and the types of applications in which they are used. It provides critical processing details such as temperatures, ratios, ranges, times, and rates. The article explains how to prepare aluminum components for electroplating, discussing surface roughening, anodizing, and immersion procedures along with expected results.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., and coating of aluminum. These include abrasive blast cleaning, barrel finishing, polishing, buffing, satin finishing, chemical cleaning, chemical brightening, electrolytic brightening, chemical etching, alkaline etching, acid etching, chemical conversion coating, electroplating, immersion plating...
Abstract
Aluminum or aluminum alloy products have various types of finishes applied to their surfaces to enhance appearance or improve functional properties. This article discusses the procedures, considerations, and applications of various methods employed in the cleaning, finishing, and coating of aluminum. These include abrasive blast cleaning, barrel finishing, polishing, buffing, satin finishing, chemical cleaning, chemical brightening, electrolytic brightening, chemical etching, alkaline etching, acid etching, chemical conversion coating, electroplating, immersion plating, electroless plating, porcelain enameling, and shot peening.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Copper and Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and bright dipping, abrasive blast cleaning, chemical and electrochemical cleaning, mass finishing, polishing and buffing, electroless plating, immersion plating, electroplating, passivation, coloring, and organic coatings. abrasive blast cleaning bright dipping buffing chemical cleaning cleaning...
Abstract
The selection of surface treatments for copper and copper alloys is generally based on application requirements for appearance and corrosion resistance. This article describes cleaning, finishing, and coating processes for copper and copper alloys. These processes include pickling and bright dipping, abrasive blast cleaning, chemical and electrochemical cleaning, mass finishing, polishing and buffing, electroless plating, immersion plating, electroplating, passivation, coloring, and organic coatings.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001266
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... for the reduction of the metal ion to the metal to be deposited on the metal substrate. Chemical deposition can also be accomplished by galvanic reaction between a less noble metal and a more noble metal ion. The noble metal is deposited via this reaction. This form of the process is known as immersion plating...
Abstract
This article focuses on the electroless gold plating technique, describing the advantages and limitations, applications, and properties of plated deposits. It also reviews process variables of the technique, including gold concentration, reducing agent, agitation, and contaminants.
Book Chapter
Selective (Brush) Plating
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates...
Abstract
Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates an absorbent wrapping for applying the solution to the workpiece (cathode). This article focuses on the selective plating systems that include a power pack, plating tools, anode covers, specially formulated plating solutions, and any auxiliary equipment required for the particular application. It provides a detailed account of the applications of selective plating, with examples. The article describes the advantages, limitations, key process elements, and health and safety considerations of selective plating. It also includes the most important industrial, government, and military specifications.
Image
Schematic showing principle of capillary attraction for selected liquids wh...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Schematic showing principle of capillary attraction for selected liquids when the liquid is sandwiched between two clean glass plates. (a) When immersed in water or ink, a column will rise between the plates because of wetting. (b) When the plates are immersed in mercury, no wetting
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Image
Ultrasonic inspection techniques. (a) Contact pulse echo with a search unit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
) and part being inspected under water. (d) Immersion through-transmission with both search units (transmitter and receiver) and part under water. (e) Immersion reflector plate. Same as (c) but search unit requires a reflector plate below the part being inspected
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... depending on alloy, phenolic epoxy paint, 2 coats Satellites System A: dichromate System B: anodize System C: zinc immersion coating, flash copper plate, 9.1 μm (0.36 mil), silver 0.0025 μm (0.0001 mil), gold, 0.0025 μm (0.0001 mil) General systems—indoor exposures System A Phosphate...
Abstract
Surface treatments are applied to magnesium parts primarily to improve their appearance and corrosion resistance. Mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used singly or in combination, depending on the specific application and product involved to ensure repetitive reliability. This article focuses on mechanical finishing methods, namely, barrel tumbling, polishing, buffing, vibratory finishing, fiber brushing, and shot blasting. It provides useful information on process control and difficulties with chemical and anodic treatments of magnesium alloys. The use and applications of plating and organic finishing of magnesium alloys are also reviewed. The article concludes with a description of health and safety precautions to be followed during the surface treatment process.
Book Chapter
Spray Quenching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... blanket portion of a spray quench transfer coef cient to the mechanism of heat removal. Upon immersion, the part will rst remaining portion of the droplet away from plate. The result will be a lm of liquid sepa- be surrounded by a vapor blanket, which will the plate. This vapor blanket provides...
Abstract
Spray quenching refers to a wide variety of quenching processes that involve heat removal facilitated by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. This article provides information on the basic concepts of spray quenching, and discusses the most commonly used techniques in quench tank agitation to establish uniformity of the quenched part. Common techniques include quenchant stirring, quenchant circulation, and submerged jet/spray mixing. The article also describes the effect of quenching agitation and reviews heat-transfer characteristics of immersion quenching and spray quenching with water.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... perform vapor degreasing or alkaline cleaning, and then immerse the parts in a 1:1 solution (by volume) of nitric acid (1.41 sp gr) and water for 15 to 30 min at approximately 35 °C (95 °F). Water rinsing, followed by drying, completes the process. Another procedure that has been successful...
Abstract
This article describes the methods for removing metallic contaminants, tarnish, and scale resulting from hot-working or heat-treating operations on nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base heat-resistant alloys. It provides a brief description of applicable finishing and coating processes, including polishing, electroplating, ceramic coatings, diffusion coatings, and shot-peening. The article presents numerous examples that identify cleaning and finishing problems and the procedures used to solve them.
Image
The relative resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of 7075-T6 plate is in...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 The relative resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of 7075-T6 plate is influenced by direction of stressing. Samples are alternately immersed in 3.5% NaCl. Plate thickness, 6.4 to 76 mm (0.25 to 3 in.). Source: Ref 63
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Image
The relative resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of 7075-T6 plate is in...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2019
Fig. 1 The relative resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of 7075-T6 plate is influenced by direction of stressing. Samples are alternately immersed in 3.5% NaCl. Plate thickness: 6.4 to 76 mm (0.25 to 3 in.). Source: Ref 5
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... products such as sheet and plate ( Ref 10 ). ASTM G 34 ASTM G 34 provides an accelerated exfoliation corrosion test for 2 xxx and 7 xxx aluminum alloys through the continuous immersion of test materials in an aqueous solution of 4 M NaCl, 0.5 M potassium nitrate, and 0.1 M nitric acid at 25...
Abstract
Exfoliation is a structure-dependent form of localized intergranular corrosion that follows grain boundaries in the rolling direction of wrought materials, particularly aluminum alloys. Highly cold-worked materials with elongated grain boundaries tend to be most affected. The article provides information on accelerated salt spray and total-immersion testing methods to help rate the exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of various aluminum alloys and alloy compositions. It also discusses visual assessment challenges and identifies several ASTM designations and where and how they apply.
Image
Electric immersion heater. Heater mounted in a 200 L (5 gal.) electroless n...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 21 Electric immersion heater. Heater mounted in a 200 L (5 gal.) electroless nickel plating tank. A bag filter is mounted on the filtration pump discharge. Heater mounted in a 200 L (50 gal) electroless nickel plating tank. A bag filter is mounted on the filtration pump discharge.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of a layer, usually a thin metal, on an object by passing an electric current, usually direct current, through a bath within which the object being plated is immersed. The object being plated is one of the electrodes, usually the cathode. The anode is the metal being deposited, and it dissolves...
Abstract
This article provides a brief discussion on the common types of overlayers that can be used on a metal surface to protect it from corrosion. These overlayers include phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free conversion coatings; hot dip galvanizing; cementitious linings; glass and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Magnesium and Magnesium-Base Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... spray and continuous-immersion exposures. Source: Ref 18 Analysis of die-cast plates, % AM60A (○) AZ91D (●) Aluminum 6.2 9.7 Zinc 0.09 0.74 Manganese 0.22 0.19 Nickel 0.003 0.0018 Iron 0.005 0.006 Copper 0.03 0.0067 There are also interactive...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the environmental factors that induce corrosion in magnesium alloys. It reviews the factors that determine the severity of different forms of localized corrosion, namely, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion. The article discusses corrosion protection in magnesium assemblies and the protective coating systems used in corrosion protection practices. Protection schemes for specific applications and the production of novel magnesium alloys with improved corrosion resistance are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on the corrosion of bulk vapor-deposited alloys and magnesium-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Electroslag Remelting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and superalloy ESR. electroslag remelting solidification plate steels freckles ELECTROSLAG REMELTING (ESR) is a secondary refining process ( Fig. 1 ), where a consumable electrode is melted by immersion in a molten flux (slag) consisting primarily of fluorspar (CaF 2 ). The heating is generated...
Abstract
Electroslag remelting (ESR) is commonly used to produce the highest levels of quality in plate steels, particularly in thick plates. This article provides an overview of the ESR and discusses the major components and operations of the ESR furnaces. It describes the principles of ingot solidification and the various defects of remelted ingot such as tree ring patterns, freckles, and white spots. The article explains several variations of ESR such as pressure electroslag remelting, remelting under reduced pressure, and electroslag rapid remelting. It also examines the features of steel ESR and superalloy ESR.
Image
Flow diagram showing cadmium plating operation relative to overall cleaning...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 4 Flow diagram showing cadmium plating operation relative to overall cleaning and post-treatment operations for steel and cast iron components Solution No. Composition Amount Temperature Immersion time °C °F 1 H 2 SO 4 8–12 vol% 71-93 160-200 10–120 s 2 HCl
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Image
Thickness of gold as a function of time for an immersion electroless gold p...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Image
(a) Crack propagation rates in stress-corrosion tests using precracked thic...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
propagation rates in stress-corrosion tests using precracked specimens of 7 xxx -series aluminum alloys; 25 mm (1 in.) thick, double-cantilever beam, short-transverse orientation of die forging, long-transverse orientation of hand forgings and plate. Specimens were subject to alternate immersion tests, 3.5
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