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Sergio Lupi, Valery Rudnev
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Darel E. Hodgson, Ming H. Wu, Robert J. Biermann
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Hans-Jürgen Christ
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Kalathur S. Narasimhan
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M.R. Mitchell
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hysteresis alloys
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Book Chapter
Permanent Magnet Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... This article discusses the composition, properties, and applications of permanent magnetic materials, such as hysteresis alloys used in motors. It primarily focuses on the stability of magnetic fields that influences reversible and irreversible losses in magnetization with time, and the choice of magnet...
Abstract
Premanent magnet refers to solid materials that have sufficiently high resistance to demagnetizing fields and sufficiently high magnetic flux output to provide useful and stable magnetic fields. Permanent magnet materials include a variety of alloys, intermetallics, and ceramics. This article discusses the composition, properties, and applications of permanent magnetic materials, such as hysteresis alloys used in motors. It primarily focuses on the stability of magnetic fields that influences reversible and irreversible losses in magnetization with time, and the choice of magnet material, component shape and magnetic circuit arrangement.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... are normally used in a single magnetic state. This implies insensitivity to temperature effects, mechanical shock, and demagnetizing fields. This article does not consider magnetic memory or recording materials in which the magnetic state is altered during use. It does include, however, hysteresis alloys used...
Abstract
This article discusses the chief magnetic characteristics of permanent magnet materials. It provides a detailed description on nominal compositions; principal magnet designations; magnetic, physical, and mechanical properties; selection criteria; and applications of the permanent magnet materials, which include magnet steels, magnet alloys, alnico alloys, platinum-cobalt alloys, cobalt and rare-earth alloys, hard ferrites, iron-chromium-cobalt alloys, and neodymium-iron-boron alloys.
Book Chapter
Shape Memory Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003160
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... actually extends over a much larger temperature range. The transformation also exhibits hysteresis in that the transformation on heating and on cooling does not overlap ( Fig. 1 a). This transformation hysteresis (shown as T in Fig. 1 a) varies with the alloy system. Fig. 1 Characteristics...
Abstract
The term shape memory alloys (SMAs) refers to the group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate thermal procedure. Materials that exhibit shape memory only upon heating are referred to as having a one-way shape memory. Some materials also undergo a change in shape upon recooling. These materials have a two-way shape memory. This article discusses the general characteristics of SMAs by using typical transformation versus temperature curve. It describes the processing, applications and properties (mechanical and physical) of commercial SMA alloys, namely nickel-titanium alloys and copper-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Field Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... The grain size (ASTM No. 7) was the same for all four specimens used in the tests. Other data show that grain size has little effect on hysteretic behavior for the classes of alloys studied. Fig. 6 Effect of mechanical hardness on hysteresis loop data. (a) AISI 410 stainless steel. (b) SAE 4340 steel...
Abstract
Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data. In addition, it discusses the metallurgical and magnetic properties of magnetic materials and the applications of magnetic field testing.
Image
Characteristics of shape memory alloys. (a) Typical transformation versus t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 1 Characteristics of shape memory alloys. (a) Typical transformation versus temperature curve for a specimen under constant load (stress) as it is cooled and heated. T , transformation hysteresis. M s , martensite start; M f , martensite finish; A s , austenite start; A f , austenite
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Image
Hysteresis energy loss versus magnetizing force of isotropic iron-chromium-...
Available to Purchase
in Permanent Magnet Materials
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 16 Hysteresis energy loss versus magnetizing force of isotropic iron-chromium-cobalt alloys
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Image
Schematics showing two types of hysteresis stress-strain loops resulting fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Schematics showing two types of hysteresis stress-strain loops resulting from the Bauschinger effect in titanium alloys. Source: Ref 12
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Image
Representation of the cyclic strain resistance of idealized alloys (strong,...
Available to Purchase
in Fatigue, Creep Fatigue, and Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Testing
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 19 Representation of the cyclic strain resistance of idealized alloys (strong, tough, ductile). (a) Fatigue curves. (b) Stress-strain hysteresis loops. After Ref 38
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Image
Hysteresis loops of the flux-controlled magnetic circuit for plain low-carb...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 21 Hysteresis loops of the flux-controlled magnetic circuit for plain low-carbon steel (AISI 1018) and a high-strength, low-alloy structural steel (HY-80) plate. Measurements were taken at pole flux density of 100 mT at 30 Hz excitation frequency. Source: Ref 3
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Image
Hysteresis loss versus magnetizing force for various permanent magnet mater...
Available to Purchase
in Permanent Magnet Materials
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 15 Hysteresis loss versus magnetizing force for various permanent magnet materials. Data points indicate maximum efficiency, 1, P-6 alloy; 2, cast Alnico 5; 3, cast Alnico 6; 4, Vicalloy; 5, 17% Co steel; 6, 36% Co steel; 7, cast Alnico 2; 8, 3 1 2 % Cr steel
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Book Chapter
Magnetically Soft Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... substantially in the process of manufacturing a component from the alloy. Structure-sensitive properties are those drastically affected by impurities: residual strain, grain size, and so on. Permeability (μ), coercive force ( H c ), hysteresis losses ( W h ), residual induction ( B r ), and magnetic...
Abstract
This article discusses the ferromagnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, explaining the effects of impurities, alloying elements, heat treatment, grain size, and grain orientation on soft magnetic materials. It describes the types of soft magnetic materials, which include high-purity iron, low-carbon irons, silicon (electrical) steels, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, ferritic stainless steels, amorphous metals, and ferrites (ceramics). Finally, the article provides a short note on alloys for magnetic temperature compensation.
Book Chapter
Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties of Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005896
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... by eddy current, because during the majority of the heat cycle, the surface temperature of the component is well above the Curie point. This makes valid the assumption of neglecting the hysteresis losses. However, in some low-temperature applications, where the heated metal or alloy retains its magnetic...
Abstract
In an induction heating system, thermal and electromagnetic properties of heated materials make the greatest impact on the heat transfer and performance of induction heating process. This article focuses on major thermal properties, namely, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and specific heat. It describes the two important electromagnetic properties, electrical resistivity (electrical conductivity) and magnetic permeability, which posses the most pronounced effect on the performance of the induction heating system, its efficiency, and selection of main design parameters. The article also discusses the magnetic properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and metamagnetic materials.
Book Chapter
Shape Memory Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of this article. Alloys having a shape memory effect Table 1 Alloys having a shape memory effect Alloys Composition Transformation-temperature range Transformation hysteresis °C °F Δ°C Δ°F Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd −190 to −50 −310 to −60 ≈15 ≈25 Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.%Cd 30 to 100 85...
Abstract
This article discusses the history of shape memory alloys (SMAs) along with their properties, capabilities, and crystallography, including phase transformations that occur during thermal treatment. It describes the thermomechanical behaviors of SMAs and explains how to characterize them using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) techniques as well as other methods. The article examines the most common shape memory alloys, namely, nickel-titanium and copper-base SMAs, and provides information on their respective properties.
Book Chapter
Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Microstructure
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... materials tested in initially soft, dislocation-poor conditions resulting from a prior heat treatment. The article discusses deformation-induced phase transformations in austenitic stainless steels and commercial age-hardened aluminum alloys. It describes the interaction of dislocations...
Abstract
This article discusses the microstructural processes that take place during plastic deformation and presents a plain phenomenological and general description of the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) response. It emphasizes the microstructural aspects of cyclic loading on single-phase materials tested in initially soft, dislocation-poor conditions resulting from a prior heat treatment. The article discusses deformation-induced phase transformations in austenitic stainless steels and commercial age-hardened aluminum alloys. It describes the interaction of dislocations and the strengthening of second-phase particles. The article also provides a description of the framework used to model the CSS response on a physical basis.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Materials and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Part Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Affecting Permeability and Hysteresis Losses Permeability, coercive field, and hysteresis loss are affected by impurities within the alloy, cold deformation such as sizing, and heat treatment. The most harmful impurities include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. All PM parts contain a lubricant...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) techniques are effective in making magnetically soft components for use in magnetic part applications. This article provides an account of the factors affecting magnetism, permeability, and hysteresis losses. It includes information on the magnetic properties of PM materials that are used in the magnetic part applications, namely, pure iron, phosphorus irons, ferritic stainless steels, 50 nickel-50 iron, and silicon irons. The article describes the factors that affect and optimize magnetic properties. It contains a table that lists the magnetic properties possible in metal injection molding parts. The article also discusses ferromagnetic cores used in alternating current applications and some permanent magnets, such as rare earth-cobalt magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (neo) magnets.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... special attention. In particular, such joints tend to negate alloy and composition effects. More detailed information on fatigue of welds and mechanical joints is contained in Ref 1 , 3 , and 4 . The Fatigue Process The fatigue process consists of a crack initiation and a crack propagation phase...
Abstract
The design of components against fatigue failure may involve several considerations of irregular loading, variable temperature, and environment. This article focuses on design considerations against fatigue related to material performance under mechanical loading at constant temperature. It reviews the traditional methods of fatigue design on smooth and notched components. The article discusses high-cycle fatigue in terms of fatigue strength and tensile strength, mean stress effects, stress concentration, and multiaxial fatigue. It describes low-cycle fatigue in terms of deformation behavior and concludes with a discussion on lifetime analysis based on a strain approach.
Book Chapter
Martensitic Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in substitutionally alloyed systems that demonstrate small transformation strains and a small transformation hysteresis. The macroscopic deformation from the resultant transformation from one crystal structure to another can be observed from the surface relief and in the plate morphology that the martensite phase...
Abstract
Martensite is a metastable structure that forms during athermal (nonisothermal) conditions. This article reviews the crystallographic theory, morphologies, orientation relationships, habit plane, and transformation temperature of ferrous martensite microstructures. It examines the stages of the tempering process involved in ferrous martensite. The article also describes the formation of the martensite structure in nonferrous systems. It concludes with a discussion on shape memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Modern Fatigue Analysis for Design
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... “analytical tools” with an adequate cycle-counting technique that accrues closed hysteresis loops (for example, rainflow or range pair), a means is available to predict fatigue-initiation life of real components or parts. Explanation of these topics is aimed primarily as a primer on the basic concepts...
Abstract
Fatigue crack initiation is an important aspect of materials performance in design. This article summarizes some fundamental concepts and procedures for the fatigue life prediction of relatively homogeneous, wrought metals when a major portion of total life is exhausted in crack initiation. It presents an overview of the strain-based, as opposed to stress-based, criterion of material behavior and fatigue analysis. The article describes the cyclic stress-strain behavior of metals to illustrate the inadequacy of the monotonic or tensile stress-strain curve in accounting for material instabilities caused by cyclic deformations. It discusses the effect of mean stress on fatigue life and presents the analysis of cumulative fatigue damage. The article concludes with examples of application techniques for fatigue life prediction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... is extremely small; for example, pure nickel has a saturation magnetostriction coefficient (λ 1 ) of approximately −38 × 10 −6 Δ l / l . In very high permeability alloys, λ 1 approaches zero. Conversely, applying external stress to ferromagnetic material causes the magnetic hysteresis loop to change...
Abstract
Magnetically soft materials are characterized by their low coercivity, an essential requirement for irons and steels selected for any application involving electromagnetic induction cycling. This article provides information on ferromagnetic material properties and how they are affected by impurities, alloying additions, heat treatment, residual stress, and grain size. It also describes classification and testing methods for magnetically soft materials such as high-purity iron, low-carbon steels, silicon steels, iron-aluminum alloys, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, ferrites, and stainless steels. The article also addresses corrosion resistance and provides insights on the selection of alloys for power generation applications, including motors, generators, and transformers. A short note on the design and fabrication of magnetic cores is also included.
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