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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This article classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage and summarizes the theories that seek to explain these types...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This article classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage and summarizes the theories that seek to explain these types of degradation. It reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys, namely, iron-base alloys, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys, zirconium alloys, and vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and their alloys. An outline of hydrogen damage in intermetallic compounds is also provided.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article focuses on the types of hydrogen embrittlement that occur in all the major commercial metal and alloy systems, including stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, and transition and refractory metals. The specific types of hydrogen embrittlement discussed include internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen environment embrittlement, and hydrogen reaction embrittlement. The article describes preservice and early-service fractures of commodity-grade steel components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Hydrogen damage is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which the load-carrying capacity of the metal is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen. This article introduces the general forms of hydrogen damage and provides an overview of the different types...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which the load-carrying capacity of the metal is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen. This article introduces the general forms of hydrogen damage and provides an overview of the different types of hydrogen damage in all the major commercial alloy systems. It covers the broader topic of hydrogen damage, which can be quite complex and technical in nature. The article focuses on failure analysis where hydrogen embrittlement of a steel component is suspected. It provides practical advice for the failure analysis practitioner or for someone who is contemplating procurement of a cost-effective failure analysis of commodity-grade components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also provided.
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Window fracture. Typically results from hydrogen damage in carbon or low-al...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Window fracture. Typically results from hydrogen damage in carbon or low-alloy steel boiler tubes
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Hydrogen damage (dark area) in a carbon steel boiler tube. The tube cross s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Hydrogen damage (dark area) in a carbon steel boiler tube. The tube cross section was macroetched with hot 50% hydrochloric acid.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Cracks in naphtha desulfurization reactor attributed to hydrogen damage. (a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 26 Cracks in naphtha desulfurization reactor attributed to hydrogen damage. (a) Note decarburized region adjacent to crack. 25×. (b) Higher-magnification view. 200×
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Cracks in naphtha desulfurization reactor attributed to hydrogen damage. (a...
Available to Purchase
in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 99 Cracks in naphtha desulfurization reactor attributed to hydrogen damage. (a) Note decarburized region adjacent to crack. Original magnification: 25×. (b) Higher-magnification view. Original magnification: 200×
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Hydrogen-damage failure in a carbon steel tube from the water wall of a boi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 29 Hydrogen-damage failure in a carbon steel tube from the water wall of a boiler. (a) Macroscopic profile of the crack. (b) Secondary electron image of laboratory-created fracture near the inner surface. Original magnification: 1000×. Source: Ref 16
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Hydrogen-damaged refinery platformer line (carbon steel, 0.5% Mo). (a) Unda...
Available to Purchase
in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Hydrogen-damaged refinery platformer line (carbon steel, 0.5% Mo). (a) Undamaged microstructure. (b) Decarburization region caused by hydrogen depleting the iron carbides. (c) Microfissuring at inclusions. (d) Hydrogen blister caused by methane gas formation. (a) and (b), nital etch. (c
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Cross section near the through-wall crack for the hydrogen-damaged tube sho...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 30 Cross section near the through-wall crack for the hydrogen-damaged tube shown in Fig. 29 . (a) Lower-magnification image. As-polished. Original magnification: 16×. (b) Higher-magnification image. 2% nital etch. Original magnification: 1000×
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Effect of hydrogen and stress on damage caused by HIC. As hydrogen increase...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 10 Effect of hydrogen and stress on damage caused by HIC. As hydrogen increases, less stress is needed to cause damage by hydrogen-induced cracks.
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Representative micrograph showing high-temperature hydrogen attack damage i...
Available to Purchase
in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 13 Representative micrograph showing high-temperature hydrogen attack damage in the form of intergranular fissuring and decarburzation in carbon steel. Original magnification: 500×. Etched with 2% nital solution
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Book Chapter
Failures from Various Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... range of failures, including fatigue failure, distortion failure, wear failure, corrosion failure, stress-corrosion cracking, liquid-metal embrittlement, hydrogen-damage failure, corrosion-fatigue failure, and elevated-temperature failure. This article describes the classification of fractures...
Abstract
Analysis of the failure of a metal structure or part usually requires identification of the type of failure. Failure can occur by one or more of several mechanisms, including surface damage (such as corrosion or wear), elastic or plastic distortion, and fracture. This leads to a wide range of failures, including fatigue failure, distortion failure, wear failure, corrosion failure, stress-corrosion cracking, liquid-metal embrittlement, hydrogen-damage failure, corrosion-fatigue failure, and elevated-temperature failure. This article describes the classification of fractures on a macroscopic scale as ductile fractures, brittle fractures, fatigue fractures, and fractures resulting from the combined effects of stress and environment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking. boilers corrosion caustic corrosion organic corrosion corrosion prevention corrosion control hydrogen damage flow...
Abstract
This article briefly describes water and steam chemistry, which influence the effect of corrosion in boilers. The appropriate control measures to prevent corrosion in boilers are also presented. The article provides a discussion on the common causes of fluid-side corrosion such as flow-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking.
Book Chapter
Wrought Aluminum Alloys: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
..., tension-overload fracture surface, ductile fracture, cone-shaped fracture surface, intergranular crack propagation, transgranular crack propagation, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and grain-boundary separation of these alloys. Fractographs are also provided for a forged aircraft main-landing...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of wrought aluminum alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the corrosion-fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, tension-overload fracture surface, ductile fracture, cone-shaped fracture surface, intergranular crack propagation, transgranular crack propagation, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and grain-boundary separation of these alloys. Fractographs are also provided for a forged aircraft main-landing gear wheel and actuator beam, an aircraft wing spar, a fractured aircraft propeller blade, shot peened fillet, an aircraft lower-bulkhead cap, and clevis-attachment lugs.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... and insights on the most common forms of corrosion observed with titanium alloys, including general corrosion, crevice corrosion, anodic pitting, hydrogen damage, stress-corrosion cracking, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and erosion-corrosion. It also provides practical strategies for expanding...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are often used in highly corrosive environments because they are better suited than most other materials. The excellent corrosion resistance is the result of naturally occurring surface oxide films that are stable, uniform, and adherent. This article offers explanations and insights on the most common forms of corrosion observed with titanium alloys, including general corrosion, crevice corrosion, anodic pitting, hydrogen damage, stress-corrosion cracking, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and erosion-corrosion. It also provides practical strategies for expanding the useful application range for titanium and includes a comprehensive overview of available corrosion data.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003632
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... with a predictable growth rate or, as is often the case, unpredictable catastrophic fracture. The subsection is divided into four articles (after this brief introduction). Each addresses a specific type of cracking or embrittlement phenomena: stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen damage (frequently referred...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamental aspects of environmentally induced cracking. It provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation, testing, and methods of protection against the cracking. The article describes the mechanisms of corrosion that produce cracking of metals and intermetallic compounds as a result of exposure to their environment.
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Micrograph of an etched specimen from a carbon steel boiler tube. Decarburi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 Micrograph of an etched specimen from a carbon steel boiler tube. Decarburization and discontinuous intergranular cracking resulted from hydrogen damage. 250×
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Longitudinal failure in thick-walled waterside tube resulting from hydrogen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 14 Longitudinal failure in thick-walled waterside tube resulting from hydrogen damage. The interior surface displays gouging adjacent to failure lip. Courtesy of Electric Power Research Institute
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