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Schematic of drive systems for hydraulic presses. (a) Direct drive. (b) Acc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 17 Schematic of drive systems for hydraulic presses. (a) Direct drive. (b) Accumulator drive.
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Book Chapter
Press Brakes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... on the two basic drive systems used in operating press brakes, namely, mechanical and hydraulic drive systems. The article also provides an outline on the tooling associated with press-brakes. hydraulic drive systems press brakes widening PRESS BRAKES ( Fig. 1 ) are a common and versatile type...
Abstract
Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses on the two basic drive systems used in operating press brakes, namely, mechanical and hydraulic drive systems. The article also provides an outline on the tooling associated with press-brakes.
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Published: 01 January 2006
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003974
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... and design of its hydraulic drive system. The two types of hydraulic drive systems—direct drive and accumulator drive (see Fig. 19 in the article “Hammers and Presses for Forging” in this Volume)—provide different time-dependent characteristic data. In both direct and accumulator drives, a slowdown...
Abstract
This article discusses the significant factors in the selection of forging equipment for a particular process. It describes the characteristics of forging hydraulic presses, mechanical presses, screw presses, and hammers. The article discusses the significant characteristics of these machines that comprise all machine design and performance data, which are pertinent to the economic use of the machines, including the characteristics for load and energy, time-related characteristics, and characteristics for accuracy.
Book Chapter
Forming of Sheet, Strip, and Plate
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... information on the various drive systems and the auxiliary equipment. It describes the selection of die materials and lubricants for sheet metal forming and provides information on the lubrication mechanisms and selection with a list of lubricant types for forming of specific sheet materials of ferrous...
Abstract
This article describes the presses that are mechanically or hydraulically powered and used for producing sheet, strip, and plate from sheet metal. It also presents the JIC standards for presses, compares the presses based on power source, details the selection criteria and provides information on the various drive systems and the auxiliary equipment. It describes the selection of die materials and lubricants for sheet metal forming and provides information on the lubrication mechanisms and selection with a list of lubricant types for forming of specific sheet materials of ferrous or nonferrous metals. The article reviews the various types of forming processes such as blanking, piercing, fine-edge blanking, press bending, press forming, forming by multiple-slide machines, deep drawing, stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, three-roll forming, contour roll forming, drop hammer forming, explosive forming, electromagnetic forming, and superplastic forming.
Book Chapter
Hammers and Presses for Forging
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003973
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... The operation of a hydraulic press is simple and based on the motion of a hydraulic piston guided in a cylinder. Two types of drive systems are used on hydraulic presses: direct drive and accumulator drive ( Fig. 17 ). Fig. 17 Schematic of drive systems for hydraulic presses. (a) Direct drive. (b...
Abstract
Hammers and high-energy-rate forging machines are classified as energy-restricted machines as they deform the workpiece by the kinetic energy of the hammer ram. This article provides information on gravity-drop hammers, power-drop hammers, die forger hammers, counterblow hammers, and computer-controlled hammers. It describes the three basic designs of high-energy-rate forging (HERF) machines: the ram and inner frame, two-ram, and controlled energy flow. The article reviews forging mechanical presses, hydraulic presses, drive presses, screw presses, and multiple-ram presses.
Book Chapter
Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., gearbox or hydraulic reducers, a flywheel, and a clutch and brake system. The torsion machine shown here uses a 2.2 kW induction motor and a drive train consisting of two planetary gear reducers and three gear pairs and is capable of providing 24 different rotational speeds in the range from 0.0115...
Abstract
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials, using standard specimens, to determine mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and ductility. This article discusses the torsional deformation of prismatic bars of circular cross-section and torsional response of prismatic bars of noncircular cross-section. It analyzes the elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and the effect of strain rate on plastic deformation. The article describes the theory of anisotropy in plastic torsion and the various components of a torsion testing machine. These include drive system, test section, torque and rotational displacement transducers, and rigid frame.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003984
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... a completely hydraulic machine. Fig. 5 Expanded cross section of hydromechanical ram. Courtesy of GFM GmbH In order to increase output, the hydromechanical machines are equipped with a variable stroke rate drive system. The stroke rate of the machine can be increased by a third through electronic...
Abstract
Radial forging is a process performed with four dies arranged in one plane that can act on a piece simultaneously. This article explains the types of radial forgings and describes the advantages and disadvantages of radial forging over open-die cogging/forging. The article discusses the parameters involved in product shape control. It also provides examples that illustrate the versatility and capabilities of the radial forge machine.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006034
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... press drive selection. Production Rate A mechanical press produces parts at a rate one and one-half to five times that of a hydraulic press as a result of inherent design of the energy transfer systems and stroke length. Operating Cost Operating cost of a hydraulic press is higher, because...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy compacting presses usually are mechanically or hydraulically driven, but they can incorporate a combination of mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically driven systems. This article provides a comparison of mechanical and hydraulic presses based on the cost, production rate, and machine overload protection. The article lists the classification of powder metallurgy parts based on complexity of shapes as suggested by the Metal Powder Industries Federation, such as Class I parts, Class II parts, Class III parts, and Class IV parts. It describes rigid tooling compaction and details the powder-fill ratio considerations for these classes. The article elaborates on the types of tooling systems and presses used for these classes. Some important factors and components used in designing a tool are also described. Finally, the article considers tool materials, including punches, core rods, and punch clamp rings.
Book Chapter
Presses and Auxiliary Equipment for Forming of Sheet Metal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... system are given in Fig. 4 . Most press builders place these markings in a prominent position on the fronts of the presses. Fig. 4 Designations used for press identification under the JIC classification system Source of Power Power presses can have mechanical or hydraulic drives...
Abstract
This article describes the various types of press construction and the factors that influence the selection of mechanically or hydraulically powered machines for producing parts from sheet metal. Presses are broadly classified, according to the type of frame used in their construction, into two main groups: gap-frame presses and straight-side presses. The article describes the various components of mechanical presses and hydraulic presses. It discusses important factors, such as the size, force, energy, and speed requirements, that influence the selection of a press. The article describes the roles of automatic handling equipment that can be categorized as feeding equipment, unloading equipment, and transfer equipment. It concludes with information on the common types of high-production presses, such as dieing machines, multiple-slide machines, transfer presses, fine blanking presses, and flexible-die forming presses.
Book Chapter
Material Handling Equipment for Induction Heating Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... a cylinder to push billets through the induction heating coil. This system most often is used with odd-shaped billets and round-corner square billets that cannot typically be fed from a pinch roll drive or tractor drive system. The pusher system can be either hydraulic or pneumatic, depending on the size...
Abstract
The handling of billets or bars is an essential part of an induction heating system. This article describes two types of handling systems available for bar heating lines: inclined ramps with escapement, and sling feeder with inclined ramp and escapement. It focuses on the various infeed billet handling systems such as bin tippers, elevator feeders, rotary feeders, vibratory bowl feeders, magazine loaders, and rod feeders. The article provides information on the main categories of billet feeding systems, namely, dual pinch roll drive assemblies, tractor drive assemblies, billet pusher systems, walking beam assemblies, and index/continuous conveyor systems. It also discussed the hot billet handling systems used to deliver heated billets to the forging cell. These methods include billet extractor conveyors, accept/reject systems with pyrometer measurements, extractor rolls, discharge chutes, pinch roll extractors, pick-n-place systems, and robots.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of similar and dissimilar metal combinations to be joined. However, continuous-drive and stored-energy (inertia) friction-welding systems have not been as successfully exploited for the joining of long, hollow sections, where restrictions in the bore cannot be tolerated. The difficulties involved...
Abstract
This article provides information on radial friction welding, which adopts the principle of rotating and compressing a solid ring around two stationary pipe. The process evolution of this welding is illustrated. The article also examines the equipment used and operating steps. It also illustrates a prototype of radial friction-welding machine and concludes with a discussion on applications that would be suitable for radial friction welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... clamping surfaces. Both mechanical and hydraulic systems are used for the main slide drive. The mechanical fine-blanking press ( Fig. 23 , Fig. 24 ) is notable for its sturdiness and operational reliability under the tough conditions of daily use. It is equipped with a “combination bed” for the tool...
Abstract
Fine-blanking is a hybrid metal forming process that combines the technologies of stamping and cold extrusion. This article describes the three principal design features of the fine blanking process: the vee-ring, clearance between punch and die, and counterforce imposed by the ejector. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of edge blanking and materials. The article reviews the classification of fine-blanking dies such as the moving-punch system and the fixed-punch system, and provides information on the mechanical and hydraulic fine-blanking presses.
Book Chapter
Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Pump and Compressor Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... of the bearings and sealing parts of the components becomes very important and thus ‘tribology’ is the key technology. Tribology of Hydraulic Equipment To maintain the merits of hydraulic systems compared to electric drives in the speed of response, the system pressure is continuously increased. Here, we...
Abstract
Pumps and compressors are representative fluid machineries, which are indispensably important industrial equipment for water supply systems, chemical processing and reactions, and fluid power systems. This article addresses friction, lubrication, and wear of components in several types of machines such as positive displacement pumps including hydraulic pumps, turbo-pumps including centrifugal pumps, vacuum pumps, and compressors including the positive displacement type and turbo type.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the: Initial burn-off region of linear flash Accelerating curve for the actual flashing profile Upset portion that causes the parts to be forged together after flashing Machines that are either larger or more complex use hydraulic cylinders to drive the movable platen and to incorporate hydraulic...
Abstract
Flash welding (FW) is a resistance welding process in which a butt joint weld is produced by a flashing action and by the application of pressure. Flash welding is used to join metallic parts that have similar cross sections in terms of size and shape. This article discusses flash-welding applications, including chain links, transmission bands, automotive flywheel ring gears, aircraft landing gear, band-saw blades, and crankshaft counter weights. It describes the components of a typical flash-welding machine. The article provides information on the electrical controls of flash-welding equipment. These include programmable controllers, welding current controllers, and either motor or servo-valve controllers.
Book Chapter
Forging Machinery, Dies, and Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... actuating system ( Fig. 3 ) steam is admitted to the upper cylinder and drives the upper ram downward. Simultaneously, pistons connected to the upper ram act through a hydraulic linkage to force the lower ram upward. Because the weight of the lower ram and piston assembly is greater than that of the upper...
Abstract
Forging machines use a wide variety of hammers, presses, and dies to produce products with the desired shape, size, and geometry. This article discusses the major types of hammers (gravity-drop, power-drop, high speed, and open-die forging), and presses (mechanical, hydraulic, screw-type, and multiple-ram). It further discusses the technologies used in the design of dies, terminology, and materials selection for dies for the most common hot-forging processes, particularly those using vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines. A brief section is included on computer-aided design in the forging industry. Additionally, the article reviews specific characteristics, process limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common forging processes, namely hot upset forging, roll forging, radial forging, rotary forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging.
Book Chapter
Process and Feedback Control for Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... The controller typically drives two actuators, namely, a hydraulic actuator that regulates the force applied by the roll and a motor that regulates the speed of the roll. Thus, this control system can be viewed as a single-input, dual...
Abstract
The use of an effective control design, along with high-performance hardware and software for controller implementation, allows the use of feedback process control for manufacturing processes to improve part quality and consistency. This article provides an overview of control system design and its application to various manufacturing processes. It presents various examples of control system applications to show that appropriate control strategies increase the robustness of the processes by eliminating process sensitivity to system variations and external disturbances.
Book Chapter
Process Monitoring and Control of Rotary Friction Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... process is a tightly coupled system that is composed of the following: One rotating component One nonrotating component Electric motor and flywheel (for inertia) or electric motor and continuous-drive characteristics (for direct drive) Axial load and hydraulic response characteristics...
Abstract
This article lists the system parameters of the friction welding process and describes the four categories of monitoring and control of the manufacturing process. It discusses the monitoring methods of a rotary friction welded sample, for determining in-process quality of ferrous alloys, and dissimilar metals using acoustic emission. The article reviews the feasibility of detecting the presence of ferrite during microstructural evolution of friction welding of three austenitic stainless steels: 310, 304, and 255. It also explains the in-process quality control of friction welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Both horizontal and vertical presses are used in the hot extrusion of metals; however, horizontal presses are by far the most common. Most modern extrusion presses are driven hydraulically, but mechanical drives are used in some applications, such as in the production of small tubes. The two basic...
Abstract
Hot extrusion is a process in which wrought parts are formed by forcing a heated billet through a shaped die opening. This article discusses nonlubricated and lubricated hot extrusion. The two nonlubricated hot extrusion methods are forward or direct extrusion and backward or indirect extrusion. The article illustrates the significance of extrusion speeds and temperatures in hot extrusion. It describes the basic types of presses used in the hot extrusion of metals. The article provides information on the characterization of extruded shapes and explains the operating parameters, including extrusion velocity, amount of pressure required, and type of lubricant, for successful and efficient hot extrusion. The article concludes with a discussion on applications and design methodology that provides insight into CAD/CAM of extrusion dies.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... such as milling equipment, traveling shear, coiler, and die and track friction. Hydraulically amplified electric drives are used to achieve forces in the range of 40 to 80 kN (9000 to 18,000 lbf) while maintaining motion accuracy. The Wertli drive concept is designed to handle such forces and accelerations...
Abstract
This article reviews the history and methods of copper alloy continuous casting. These methods include vertical continuous casting and horizontal continuous casting. The article discusses the upcasting methods used in vertical continuous casting and strip casting used in horizontal continuous casting. The article also describes the methods and processes of wheel casting and the Ohno continuous casting method.
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