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hybrid-structure processing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... and titanium alloys. The TMP techniques include retained-strain processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. The article also describes the TMP of alpha-beta titanium alloys, including fine-grain processing, hybrid-structure processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy...
Abstract
The thermomechanical processing (TMP) of conventional and advanced nickel and titanium-base alloys is aimed at altering or enhancing one or more metallurgical features within the material and component. This article presents a number of examples of the TMP of nickel-base superalloys and titanium alloys. The TMP techniques include retained-strain processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. The article also describes the TMP of alpha-beta titanium alloys, including fine-grain processing, hybrid-structure processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. It concludes with a discussion on computer simulation of advanced TMP processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... with engineered chemistries to improve surface performance of structural metallic materials. Laser-assisted synthesis of various types of coatings on structural materials are discussed in the following section. Laser surface engineering processes and characteristics Table 4 Laser surface engineering...
Abstract
Lasers evolved as a versatile materials processing tool due to their advantages such as rapid, reproducible processing, chemical cleanliness, ability to handle variety of materials, and suitability for automation. This article focuses on state-of-the-art laser applications to improve tribological performance of structural materials in lubricated and nonlubricated environments. It discusses the fundamentals of various laser materials interactions and reviews laser-based surface-modification strategies, including laser surface heating and melting, laser-synthesized coatings, and laser-based design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion on the improved capabilities of laser surface engineering for tribological applications by means of integrated computational process modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... of the static softening processes of recovery and recrystallization that take place with time after a pass. Static recovery leads to minor changes in the appearance of the dislocation structure, but these changes are sufficient to cause significant recovery (softening) of the initial flow stress for the next...
Abstract
The systematic study of microstructural evolution during deformation under hot working conditions is important in controlling processing variables to achieve dimensional accuracy. This article explains the microstructural features that need to be modeled and provides an outline of the principles and achievements of each of the various microstructural models, including black-box modeling, gray-box modeling, white-box modeling, and hybrid modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... crystalline ceramics, porous ceramics, calcium phosphate ceramics, and bioactive glasses. The article discusses the compositions of ceramics and carbon-base implant materials, and examines their differences in processing and structure. It describes the chemical and microstructural basis for their differences...
Abstract
This article focuses on ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, and their derivatives, that is, inorganic-organic hybrids, in the forms of solid or porous bodies, oxide layers/coatings, and particles with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, or even millimetres. These include inert crystalline ceramics, porous ceramics, calcium phosphate ceramics, and bioactive glasses. The article discusses the compositions of ceramics and carbon-base implant materials, and examines their differences in processing and structure. It describes the chemical and microstructural basis for their differences in physical properties, and relates the properties and hard-tissue response to particular clinical applications. The article also provides information on the glass or glass-ceramic particles used in cancer treatments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Abstract Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006975
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... ) can be applied for theory-based or hybrid processes to define the structure of these relationships. As a final note, process-to-structure relationship frameworks are often used to reduce the cost of process-development programs ( Ref 29 ). Structure-to-property relationships have focused...
Abstract
This article presents the analytics challenges in additive manufacturing. It discusses the types and applications of data analytics. Data analytics can be classified into four types: descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive. The diverse applications of data analytics and machine learning include design, process-structure-properties (PSP) relationships, and process monitoring and quality control. The article also presents tools used for data analytics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and, most importantly, the ability to paint the parts using the online electrophoretic deposition process. This process involved heating the parts to almost 205 °C (400 a temperature that was very detrimental to polyurethane and most hybrid systems. Polyurea systems are noted for their high thermal...
Abstract
Two-component polyurea elastomeric coating/lining systems are the newest technology in the protective coating/lining industry and a wide variety of applications have been developed. These include coating/lining applications over concrete, geotextile membranes, various metals for corrosion and decorative areas, and some plastics. This article discusses the formulation basics of polyurea technology and compares the technology to that of polyurethane and polyurethane/polyurea systems. It addresses performance issues and describes application processing considerations and safety practices of polyurea coating/lining systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... in conventional fusion welding processes (for example, autogenous automatic gas tungsten arc welding or electron beam welding) are suitable for LBW. As with fusion welding processes, joints are designed to meet the design requirements of the weldment for structure, function (e.g., sealing), assembly, and so...
Abstract
Most welding lasers fall into the category of fiber, disc, or direct diode, all of which can be delivered by fiber optic. This article provides a comparison of the energy consumptions and efficiencies of laser beam welding (LBW) with other major welding processes. It discusses the two modes of laser welding: conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration mode welding. The article reviews the factors of process selection and procedure development for laser welding. The factors include power density, interaction time, laser beam power, laser beam diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, absorptivity, traverse speed, laser welding efficiency, and plasma suppression and shielding gas. The article concludes with a discussion on laser cutting, laser roll welding, and hybrid laser welding.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of select cast MMCs. space applications automotive industries continuous fiber-reinforced composites short fiber-reinforced composites electronic packaging hybrid composites melt infiltration cast metal matrix composites particle-reinforced composites solidification liquid-phase processing...
Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be synthesized by vapor phase, liquid phase, or solid phase processes. This article emphasizes the liquid phase processing where solid reinforcements are incorporated in the molten metal or alloy melt that is allowed to solidify to form a composite. It illustrates the three broad categories of MMCs depending on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing phase. The categories include continuous fiber-reinforced composites, discontinuous or short fiber-reinforced composites, and particle-reinforced composites. The article discusses the two main classes of solidification processing of composites, namely, stir casting and melt infiltration. It describes the effects of reinforcement present in the liquid alloy on solidification. The article examines the automotive, space, and electronic packaging applications of MMCs. It concludes with information on the development of select cast MMCs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... bonding brazing integral attachment joining mechanical fastening soldering welding FEW ENGINEERING STRUCTURES start out as a single part, so joining is often the key process in the manufacture of devices or assemblies or the erection of structures. Its purpose is to keep the component parts...
Abstract
Joining is key to the manufacture of large or complex devices or assemblies; construction of large and complex structures; and repair of parts, assemblies, or structures in service. This article describes the three forces for joining: physical, chemical, and mechanical. It provides an overview of the joining processes, namely, mechanical fastening, integral attachment, adhesive bonding, welding, brazing, and soldering. The article concludes with information on the various aspects of joint design and location that determine the selection of a suitable joining method.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Abstract Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification...
Abstract
Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification occurs by the formation of hydroxyapatite. Dicalcium phosphate consists of crystal water along with anhydrous and dihydrate salts. This article summarizes research achievements regarding dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) production with controlled morphology and reactivity, including effects of an additive and of production conditions on precipitation. It also summarizes achievements made in the hybridization of nano-apatite onto DCPD particles.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... reinforced fabrics; hybrid fabrics; woven fabric prepregs; unidirectional and multidirectional tape prepregs; and the prepreg tow. The article discusses three major categories of tape manufacturing processes, namely, the hand lay-up, machine-cut patterns that are laid up by hand, and the automatic machine...
Abstract
This article describes the types of fabrics and preforms used in the manufacture of advanced composites and related selection, design, manufacturing, and performance considerations. The types of fabrics and preforms include unidirectional and two-directional fabrics; multidirectionally reinforced fabrics; hybrid fabrics; woven fabric prepregs; unidirectional and multidirectional tape prepregs; and the prepreg tow. The article discusses three major categories of tape manufacturing processes, namely, the hand lay-up, machine-cut patterns that are laid up by hand, and the automatic machine lay-up. It provides a description of the two classes of prepregs. These include those that are suitable for high-performance applications and suitable for lower-performance molding compounds.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... polymer in a networklike structure that is not thermally reversible (that is, it is thermosetting). This cure process, also called cross linking, requires the temperature to be maintained for a period of time in order to obtain full cure and to establish the optimum film properties. The temperature...
Abstract
Powder coatings are widely used by manufacturers as a finish of choice to enhance the appearance and performance of their products. This article begins with a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of powder coatings. It describes the selection of coating-types and uses of powder coatings in appliance industries, furniture industries, computer industries, fixture industries, architectural industries, automotive industries, agriculture and construction equipment industries, recreational equipment industries, and general industries. Powder coating formulations consist of binder systems, pigments, extenders, and additives. The basic process flow for the manufacture of powder coatings consists of premix, extrusion, grinding, and packing. The article also provides information on application of powder coatings, including pretreatment, deposition, and curing as well as on troubleshooting, trends and challenges for the powder coatings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... processibility. Most organic polymers soften or melt below 204 ºC (400 ºF). The key to preparing high-temperature polymers is to incorporate highly stable structural units in the polymer chain, such as aromatic and/or heterocyclic rings. These structural units are able to absorb thermal energy and contain...
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant polymers are used in aerospace, electronic, and other applications that demand outstanding elevated-temperature physical and mechanical properties. This article discusses the general characteristics of condensation-type polyimides and polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) polyimides. It provides information on the applications of PMR-15 with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006980
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... are competing to become the leading process for AME and functional hybrid structures and devices ( Ref 33 , 34 ). These methods enable rapid and versatile design flexibility for the on-demand printing of desired materials and patterns. For example, to date, wet printing methods such as aerosol ( Ref 99 – 103...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has been adopted as one of the most versatile and rapid design-to-manufacturing approaches for printing a wide range of two- and three-dimensional parts, devices, and complex geometries layer by layer. This article provides insights into the current progress, challenges, and future needs of AM of electronics from the space, defense, biomedical, energy, and industry perspectives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0009153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... the machines and equipment used in the process and describes the process parameters, process mechanics, and process limits. It illustrates multistage forming strategies and summarizes difficulties that exist with regard to the finite-element process simulation of ISF process. The article also describes hybrid...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the incremental sheet forming (ISF) process and discusses the process variations of ISF. These variations include single-point incremental forming, two-point incremental forming, and kinematic incremental sheet forming. The article discusses the machines and equipment used in the process and describes the process parameters, process mechanics, and process limits. It illustrates multistage forming strategies and summarizes difficulties that exist with regard to the finite-element process simulation of ISF process. The article also describes hybrid process variations, such as stretch forming and laser-assisted ISF.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
...-infiltrated iron copper-infiltrated steel diffusion alloys ferrous powder metallurgy materials ferrous powders hybrid alloys iron-copper alloys mechanical properties microstructure prealloys FERROUS POWDER METALLURGY (PM) processing is a net or near-net-shape production technology, which...
Abstract
This article summarizes the general classification, mechanical properties, and applications of ferrous powder metallurgy (PM) materials for parts production. It discusses four principal ferrous PM alloy types: admixed elemental alloys, diffusion alloys, prealloys, and hybrid alloys. The article reviews the benefits and disadvantages as well as the effect of processing on the properties and material microstructure of these alloys. It contains tables that list the mechanical properties of various iron-copper and copper steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., “Rough Grinding and Polishing.” Low pressure and platen speed Preparation of Titanium/Polymeric Composite Hybrids Hybrid composites may also require special preparation methods, depending on the difference in material properties of the two or more material types. With advances in structural...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... to commercial ships. While the “haze gray” exterior paint for the U.S. Navy continues to be the single largest application for silicone alkyds, other application such as communication towers, storage tanks, chemical processing equipment, locomotives, rail cars, bridge structures, and metal building exteriors...
Abstract
This article focuses on technologies in the protective coatings field, namely, polysiloxane hybrids and related materials. Industrial maintenance topcoats, including silicone alkyds, silicone epoxies, and polysiloxanes are reviewed. The article discusses two major application areas of protective coatings, namely, architectural coatings and automotive clear coats.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...-training skates, made from fiberglass/epoxy prepreg and graphite/epoxy prepreg continuous woven fabric. Merlin Technologies developed a low-cost/ high-production system for hybrid glass-carbon composite structures used in lightweight skating boots. The composite components replace 90% of the structural...
Abstract
This article discusses the historical background of composite construction in recreational equipment and sporting goods. It provides information on the applications of composites in baseball bats, tennis rackets, and golf clubs. The applications of composites in bicycling, winter sports, aquatic sports, track, field, and archery equipment are also discussed.
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