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Book Chapter
Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.... discontinuities hot forming ingot casting metalworking defects nonferrous forging steel forging wrought metal products Introduction to Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes Wrought forms are produced by a wide variety of metalworking operations that can be roughly divided into bulk-working...
Abstract
The primary purpose of this article is to describe general root causes of failure that are associated with wrought metals and metalworking. This includes a brief review of the discontinuities or imperfections that may be common sources of failure-inducing defects in the bulk working of wrought products. The article addresses the types of flaws or defects that can be introduced during the steel forging process itself, including defects originating in the ingot-casting process. Defects found in nonferrous forgings—titanium, aluminum, and copper and copper alloys—also are covered.
Book Chapter
Optimal Control of Induction Heating of Metals Prior to Warm and Hot Forming
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
...; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and typical applications. heating modes hot forming induction heating...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of furnace atmospheric elements, including air, water vapor, molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, on steels. It provides useful information on six groups of commercially important prepared atmospheres classified by the American Gas Association on the basis of the method of preparation or on the original constituents employed. These groups are designated and defined as follows: Class 100, exothermic base; Class 200, prepared nitrogen base; Class 300, endothermic base; Class 400, charcoal base; Class 500, exothermic-endothermic base; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and typical applications.
Image
Preferred method of heating a punch and die for hot forming magnesium alloy...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 25 Preferred method of heating a punch and die for hot forming magnesium alloys on a press brake
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Image
Temperature ranges for the hot forming of various superalloys. Source: INCO...
Available to Purchase
in Wrought and P/M Superalloys
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 16 Temperature ranges for the hot forming of various superalloys. Source: INCO Alloys International, Inc.
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Image
Schematic illustration of the hot forming cold-die quenching process used f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 36 Schematic illustration of the hot forming cold-die quenching process used for auto body component manufacture
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Book Chapter
Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and lubricants used in the forming process. It provides information on the cold and hot forming, superplastic forming, and combination of superplastic forming/diffusion bonding. The article discusses the various forming processes of these titanium alloys, including press-brake forming, power (shear) spinning...
Abstract
This article describes different types of titanium alloys, including alloy Ti-6Al-4V, alpha and near-alpha alloys, and alpha-beta alloys. It explains the formability of titanium alloys with an emphasis on the Bauschinger effect. The article provides information on the tool materials and lubricants used in the forming process. It provides information on the cold and hot forming, superplastic forming, and combination of superplastic forming/diffusion bonding. The article discusses the various forming processes of these titanium alloys, including press-brake forming, power (shear) spinning, rubber-pad forming, stretch forming, contour roll forming, creep forming, vacuum forming, drop hammer forming, joggling, and explosive forming.
Book Chapter
Three-Roll Forming
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., namely, the pinch-roll type and the pyramid-roll type. It also lists the advantages of the pinch-roll machine, as compared to the pyramid-roll machine. The article analyzes the hot forming and cold forming processes for carbon or low alloy steel. It explains the procedure for forming truncated cones...
Abstract
This article discusses the mill products most often formed by the three-roll forming process. It schematically illustrates some of the shapes commonly produced from flat stock by the three-roll forming process. The article describes the two basic types of three-roll forming machines, namely, the pinch-roll type and the pyramid-roll type. It also lists the advantages of the pinch-roll machine, as compared to the pyramid-roll machine. The article analyzes the hot forming and cold forming processes for carbon or low alloy steel. It explains the procedure for forming truncated cones, bars, and bar sections by utilizing the pyramid-roll machine.
Book Chapter
Forming of Nonferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article provides a detailed account on forming operations (blanking, piercing, press-brake forming, contour rolling, deep drawing, cold forming, and hot forming) of various nonferrous metals, including aluminum alloys, beryllium, copper and its alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account on forming operations (blanking, piercing, press-brake forming, contour rolling, deep drawing, cold forming, and hot forming) of various nonferrous metals, including aluminum alloys, beryllium, copper and its alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and platinum metals. It discusses the formability, equipment and tooling, and lubricants used in the forming operations of these nonferrous metals.
Image
Prior particle boundary precipitates formed on a hot isostatically pressed ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 2 Prior particle boundary precipitates formed on a hot isostatically pressed steel as the result of contamination during powder fabrication. 500×
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Image
Illustration of thermal resistance coating (salt) formed on hot metal. Adap...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 11 Illustration of thermal resistance coating (salt) formed on hot metal. Adapted from Ref 15
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Image
Secondary electron image of intergranular fracture of cold-formed and hot d...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 14 Secondary electron image of intergranular fracture of cold-formed and hot dip galvanized carbon steel bracket. The fracture occurred in a cold-storage facility due to strain-age embrittlement. Original magnification: 500×
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Powder forging is a process in which unsintered, presintered, and sintered powder metallurgy preforms are hot formed in confined dies. This article provides information on the basic forms of powder forging and describes the material considerations, process considerations...
Abstract
Powder forging is a process in which unsintered, presintered, and sintered powder metallurgy preforms are hot formed in confined dies. This article provides information on the basic forms of powder forging and describes the material considerations, process considerations, and mechanical properties of powder forged (PF) steels. It reviews the parameters involved in quality assurance tests for PF parts. The article includes examples of PF components and highlights the reasons for selecting them over those made by competing forming methods.
Image
Typical tool finish after being exposed to elevated temperatures. This hot ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 5 Typical tool finish after being exposed to elevated temperatures. This hot forming die has a heavy scale and oxide layer caused by long exposure to high temperatures. Dies must be cleaned using abrasives in between production runs in order to avoid mark-off being transferred to the part
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Book Chapter
Forming of Magnesium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract In terms of forming, magnesium alloys are much more workable at elevated temperatures due to their hexagonal crystal structures. This article describes the deformation mechanisms of magnesium and provides information on the hot and cold forming processes of magnesium alloys...
Abstract
In terms of forming, magnesium alloys are much more workable at elevated temperatures due to their hexagonal crystal structures. This article describes the deformation mechanisms of magnesium and provides information on the hot and cold forming processes of magnesium alloys and the lubricants used in the processes. It discusses the various forming processes of magnesium alloys. These include press-brake forming, deep drawing, manual and power spinning, rubber-pad forming, stretch forming, drop hammer forming, and precision forging.
Book Chapter
Forming of Stainless Steel and Heat-Resistant Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...) Viscosity (200 to 1000 SUS) is influenced by base oil or wax, degree of chlorination, and additions of mineral oil. (k) Solid lubricant applied from dispersions in oil, solvent or water. (l) For hot forming applications only Press Forming Stainless steels are press formed with the same...
Abstract
Characteristics of stainless steel that affect its formability include yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility, in addition to the effect of work hardening on these properties. This article discusses the forming process of stainless steel, heat-resistant alloys and refractory metals, detailing the major aspects of forming, including formability, lubrication, and forming methods and tools. The effect of factors such as alloy condition, cold reduction, forming direction (in the case of heat-resistant alloys) and temperature (in the case of refractory metals) on formability is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Forming of Refractory Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... or ruptures parallel to the plane of the sheet). Tungsten can be hot formed only; it is brittle at room temperature. At slow strain rates in tension and in bending, molybdenum and titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) alloys are ductile at room temperature, becoming brittle at lower temperatures. However...
Abstract
This article describes the formability and surface contamination of the refractory metals such as niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloys. It reviews the factors that affect mechanical properties and formability during rolling and heat treatment. The effect of temperature on the formability of refractory metals is discussed. The article provides a description of the forming methods of sheet and preformed blanks using refractory metals. It also discusses the types of lubricants, including oils, soaps, waxes, silicones, graphite, and molybdenum disulphide, used in the forming of refractory metals.
Image
Chrome pickle treatment (chemical treatment No. 1; MIL-M-3171, type I). App...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
(160–180) (k) … Low-carbon steel (a) Type and strength of solution used governed by degree of surface contamination. (b) Rinse thoroughly with adequate inflow of fresh water; agitate. (c) For wrought materials, all alloys, not to be hot formed, and for wrought materials, all alloys
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Image
Sealed chrome pickle treatment. Applicable to all alloys and product forms....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
with adequate inflow of fresh water; agitate. (c) For wrought materials, all alloys, not to be hot formed, and for wrought materials, all alloys, for which tolerances permit removal of approximately 15 μm (0.6 mil) of stock. When treatment is used on alloys M1A and ZK60A to provide paint base, use fresh
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Book Chapter
Modeling of Cavity Initiation and Early Growth during Superplastic and Hot Deformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... by superplastic and hot forming processes. Grain-boundary cavitation, observed under temperature and strain-rate conditions for which the boundaries are weaker than the grain interiors, often results from grain-boundary sliding and the concentration of strain around nondeformable particles and hard second phases...
Abstract
Any model that describes the early stage of cavitation must therefore address experimental observations of continuous nucleation, cracklike interface cavities, cavity growth from nanometer-scale sizes, and debonding at particle interfaces and formation of large-faceted cavities. This article summarizes the microstructural details of the early stages of cavitation in metals for understanding the interface-constrained plasticity cavitation model. It discusses formulation, predictions and implications, involved in analysis of cavitation under constrained conditions.
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