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Book Chapter
Modeling of Cavity Initiation and Early Growth during Superplastic and Hot Deformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... nucleation cracklike interface cavities cavity growth large-faceted cavities cavity initiation creep cavitation superplastic deformation hot deformation process modeling THE FORMATION AND GROWTH of internal voids in metallic alloys are of considerable concern in components produced...
Abstract
Any model that describes the early stage of cavitation must therefore address experimental observations of continuous nucleation, cracklike interface cavities, cavity growth from nanometer-scale sizes, and debonding at particle interfaces and formation of large-faceted cavities. This article summarizes the microstructural details of the early stages of cavitation in metals for understanding the interface-constrained plasticity cavitation model. It discusses formulation, predictions and implications, involved in analysis of cavitation under constrained conditions.
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Effect of hot deformation below 900 °C (1650 °F) on 50% FATT for an HSLA st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1990
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 63 Same alloy as Fig. 62 , hot deformed by side pressing. Note pronounced shear banding as deformation proceeds. Source: Ref 18
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1100 aluminum dynamically recovered during hot tensile deformation at 400 °...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1986
Fig. 74 1100 aluminum dynamically recovered during hot tensile deformation at 400 °C (750 °F) and a strain rate of 0.05 s −1 . Thin foil TEM specimen
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Influence of deformation rate on hot-twist characteristics of low-carbon st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Influence of deformation rate on hot-twist characteristics of low-carbon steels at 1095 °C (2000 °F). Source: Ref 27
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Deformation patterns in nonlubricated, nonisothermal hot upsetting. (a) Ini...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 43 Deformation patterns in nonlubricated, nonisothermal hot upsetting. (a) Initial barreling. (b) Barreling and folding over. (c) Beginning of end-face expansion. Source: Ref 50
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Deformation patterns in nonlubricated, non-isothermal hot forging. (a) Init...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Deformation patterns in nonlubricated, non-isothermal hot forging. (a) Initial barreling. (b) Barreling and folding over. (c) Beginning of end face expansion. Source: 5
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Published: 30 September 2015
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Mechanism of oxide-scale deformation behavior in the roll bite in hot rolli...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 23 Mechanism of oxide-scale deformation behavior in the roll bite in hot rolling of stainless steel with ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate) lubricant films. Source: Ref 108
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant alloy forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... approach for CDRX to predict microstructural evolutions occurring during hot deformation, along with an illustration of the main features of the CDRX mesoscale model. recrystallization static recrystallization dynamic recrystallization continuous dynamic recrystallization discontinuous dynamic...
Abstract
Recrystallization is to a large extent responsible for their final mechanical properties. This article commences with a discussion on static recrystallization (SRX) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The DRX includes continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). The article discusses the assumptions and simplifications for the Avrami analysis. It describes the effects of nucleation and growth rates on recrystallization kinetics and recrystallized grain size based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model for static recrystallization. The article reviews the kinetics of DRX with the aid of the Avrami relations. It considers the basic framework of the mesoscale approach for DDRX, including the three basic equations for grain size changes, strain hardening and dynamic recovery, and nucleation. The article explains the mesoscale approach for CDRX to predict microstructural evolutions occurring during hot deformation, along with an illustration of the main features of the CDRX mesoscale model.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003995
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Thermomechanical processing (TMP) refers to various metal forming processes that involve careful control of thermal and deformation conditions to achieve products with required shape specifications and good properties. This article describes TMP methods in producing hot-rolled steel...
Abstract
Thermomechanical processing (TMP) refers to various metal forming processes that involve careful control of thermal and deformation conditions to achieve products with required shape specifications and good properties. This article describes TMP methods in producing hot-rolled steel and reviews how improvements in the strength and toughness depend on the synergistic effect of microalloy additions and on carefully controlled thermomechanical conditions. It discusses TMP variables and the general distinctions between conventional hot rolling and common types of controlled-rolling schedules. The article describes the metallurgical processes in grain refinement of austenite steel by hot working, such as recovery and recrystallization and strain-induced transformation. The grain refinement in high strength low alloy steel by alloy addition is also discussed. The article provides an outline on the key stages of deformation, and the required metallurgical information at each of these stages.
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Published: 01 January 2005
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Flow curves for 316 and 317 stainless steels deformed under hot-working con...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 6 Flow curves for 316 and 317 stainless steels deformed under hot-working conditions. Source: Ref 14
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Flow curves for Armco iron deformed under hot working conditions in the fer...
Available to Purchase
in Measurement and Interpretation of Flow Stress Data for the Simulation of Metal-Forming Processes
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 15 Flow curves for Armco iron deformed under hot working conditions in the ferrite phase field. Source: Ref 24
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Flow curves for 316 and 317 stainless steels deformed under hot working con...
Available to Purchase
in Measurement and Interpretation of Flow Stress Data for the Simulation of Metal-Forming Processes
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 17 Flow curves for 316 and 317 stainless steels deformed under hot working conditions. Source: Ref 29
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Book Chapter
Warm and Hot Working Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... structures are predominately steel. Pipelines, railroads, agricultural equipment, ships, and landing gear for aircraft are produced from steel. Finally, steel is the mainstay of defense applications ranging from ordnance to aircraft carriers. Deformation Temperatures The behavior of steel during hot...
Abstract
The warm and hot working of metals provide the ability to shape important materials into component shapes that are useful in a variety of applications requiring strength, toughness, and ductility. This article focuses on a variety of metals that can be hot or warm worked, and describes the characteristics and processing considerations of each metal. It discusses forging because it is a versatile metalworking process and performed at cold, warm, and hot working temperatures. The article also presents the applications of steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, superalloys, and copper alloys.
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Left to right, specimen before compression and AISI 1018 steel, nickel allo...
Available to Purchase
in Measurement and Interpretation of Flow Stress Data for the Simulation of Metal-Forming Processes
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8 Left to right, specimen before compression and AISI 1018 steel, nickel alloy 718, and Ti-6Al-4V after hot deformation
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Mechanisms of the spheroidization of alpha lamellae. (a) Spheroidization dr...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling of Microstructure Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Titanium Alloys
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 2 Mechanisms of the spheroidization of alpha lamellae. (a) Spheroidization driven by the formation of subboundaries or shear bands within alpha lamellae. Source: Ref 9 . (b, c) Observation of shear bands developed during hot deformation. Source: Ref 8 , 11
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... and plane-strain compression test. The article also reviews the testing conditions, procedures, and advantages of hot plane-strain compression test. cylindrical compression test deformation heating hot plane-strain compression test hot-compression testing plane-strain compression test ring...
Abstract
This article describes the use of compression tests, namely, cylindrical compression, ring compression, and plane-strain compression tests at elevated temperatures. It discusses the effects of the temperature, strain rate, and deformation heating on metals during the cylindrical compression test, with the help of flow curves. The article illustrates the testing apparatus used in the cylindrical compression test. It describes the issues regarding friction and temperature, and strain-rate control with proper test equipment and experimental planning during the ring compression test and plane-strain compression test. The article also reviews the testing conditions, procedures, and advantages of hot plane-strain compression test.
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