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honeycomb core composites
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...Abstract Abstract Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This article illustrates an area of a honeycomb-cored sandwich structure composite cross section that is viewed using transmitted polarized light. This area shows...
Abstract
Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This article illustrates an area of a honeycomb-cored sandwich structure composite cross section that is viewed using transmitted polarized light. This area shows the differences in the constituents and resin intermingling. The article discusses the factors that govern the honeycomb core movement and honeycomb core crush, with illustrations. Some common tests performed on honeycomb composites to characterize the skin-to-core bond strength are the climbing drum peel and flatwise tensile tests. The article concludes with a description on the reasons for core failure, which are analyzed after these tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... bondline and, in extreme cases where fast heat-up rates are used, actual delaminations within the composite laminate plies. If honeycomb is used in the structure, moisture can turn to steam resulting in node bond failures or blown core. Relatively thin composite laminates (3.17 mm, or 0.125 in., or less...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is used to assemble composite components into larger structures. Finished components that are damaged during assembly or service are often repaired with adhesive-bonding techniques. This article summarizes criteria for adhesive selection and illustrates typical secondary adhesively bonded joint configurations. It discusses the highly loaded joint considerations of adhesives. The article describes the epoxy adhesives commonly used for the bonding or repair of composite structures. It discusses the surface preparation of composites and metals, and honeycomb processing, including perimeter trimming, mechanical forming, heat forming, core splicing, contouring, and cleaning. The article presents basic steps involved in the adhesive-bonding process and concludes with a discussion on adhesive applications and tooling.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract A sandwich structure is comprised of layered composite materials formed by bonding two or more thin facings or facesheets to a relatively thick core material. This article describes the sandwich panel failure modes. It tabulates the nomenclature and definitions for loads...
Abstract
A sandwich structure is comprised of layered composite materials formed by bonding two or more thin facings or facesheets to a relatively thick core material. This article describes the sandwich panel failure modes. It tabulates the nomenclature and definitions for loads, geometry, and material properties. The article illustrates critical strength-check locations for a flat sandwich panel. It discusses the analysis methods formulated for flat rectangular honeycomb panels; curved sandwich panel; and for each of the various sandwich panel failure modes. The article concludes with a discussion on flat panel stability analysis methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... with the application of pressure. The mounted specimen can then be ground and polished as described in the article, “Rough Grinding and Polishing,” in this Volume. Preparation of other metallic honeycomb-cored composites will benefit from this technique as well as thin-walled ribbed composite structures. Fig. 1...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... • Corden J. , Honeycomb Structure , Composites , Vol 1 , Engineered Materials Handbook , ASM International , 1986 • Hexcel Cross-Core data sheet , Hexcel Composites • Kindinger J. , “HexWeb Honeycomb Attributes and Properties,” Hexcel Composites , 1999 • Kindinger...
Abstract
Lightweight structural cores are used on aircrafts to reduce weight and increase payload and fight distance. This article discusses the classification of lightweight structural cores, namely, honeycomb, balsa, and foam. It reviews the four primary manufacturing methods used to produce honeycomb: adhesive bonding and expansion, corrugation and adhesive bonding, corrugation and braze welding, and extrusion. The article describes cell configuration and properties of honeycomb. It discusses the factors influencing specification of structural cores, including materials, size, density, mechanical properties, environmental compatibility, formability, durability, and thermal behavior. The article provides information on the benefits and concepts of a sandwich panel containing lightweight structural cores.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...Abstract Abstract Honeycomb is a product consisting of very thin sheets attached to form connecting cells. This article briefly explains the construction, core characteristics, properties, and testing methods of the honeycomb structures. It discusses the special processes carried out...
Abstract
Honeycomb is a product consisting of very thin sheets attached to form connecting cells. This article briefly explains the construction, core characteristics, properties, and testing methods of the honeycomb structures. It discusses the special processes carried out in customizing the shape of core to fit customer's specific needs. The article provides information on the basic concept of creating sandwich structures and its corresponding aspects like material selection, design guidelines, and structural efficiency.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002194
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
..., fiberglass, graphite, or aramid. Detailed information on the fabrication of honeycomb structures can be found in the article “Lightweight Structural Cores” in Composites , Volume 21 of the ASM Handbook. Fig. 2 Hexagonal cell honeycomb Fig. 3 Example of a bonded sandwich assembly...
Abstract
This article presents general guidelines for machining metal matrix composites (MMC) and honeycomb structures. It provides guidelines for machining of specific MMCs, namely, aluminum-boron, aluminum-SiC, aluminum-Al 2 O 3 , and titanium-SiC MMCs. In addition, the article discusses the various parameters influencing drilling of dissimilar-material laminates.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and significantly degrades mechanical properties. Fluid also degrades the honeycomb cell wall, which increases the ease of water migration. Eventually, when a honeycomb cell is full of water, the expansion during freezing is strong enough to cause the skin to delaminate from the core. During repairs, water must...
Abstract
This article provides non-proprietary and non-competition-sensitive information related to aircraft applications. It presents an overview of reliability and commonly used measurements. Failure modes that cause the negative performance are reviewed based on many types of sources. These include manufacturer service bulletins, reliability and customer service departments, literature reviews, demonstration programs, in-service evaluations, design guides, and surveys of commercial and military aircraft maintenance organizations. The article also describes lessons learned while attempting to avoid overlapping maintainability, reparability, and materials choice.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... result in porosity or voids. Honeycomb core assemblies have been found with all types of foreign material. Metal-to-Metal Defects Voids A void is any area that should contain, but does not contain, adhesive. Voids are found in a variety of shapes and sizes and are usually at random locations...
Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints are extensively used in aircraft components and assemblies where structural integrity is critical. This article addresses the problem of how to inspect bonded assemblies so that all discrepancies are identified. It describes several inspection techniques and presents drawbacks and limitations of these techniques. Generic flaw types and flaw-producing mechanisms are listed in a table. The article discusses metal-to-metal defects, adherend defects, honeycomb sandwich defects, repair defects, and in-service defects. It reviews the methods applicable to the inspection of bonded structures, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray radiography, and neutron radiography. The evaluation and correlation of inspection results are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the effects of ultrasonic wave interference in the ultrasonic inspection of adhesive-bonded joints.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... can also be less expensive to build as well as easier to maintain than equivalent honeycomb designs. The same cannot be said for designs involving a combination of honeycomb sandwich cores, in which water collects, and ultrathin composite facesheets, through which it passes. The design of bonded...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for designing repairable composite structures such as a honeycomb sandwich panel construction and integrally stiffened co-cured composite structures. It reviews the general and specific design guidelines for bolted or riveted repairs and adhesively bonded repairs of the composite structures. The article presents several examples to illustrate how these repairs can be achieved.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., including the center hinge fitting, front spar sections, and honeycomb core, were existing aluminum parts. The composite spoiler was completely interchangeable with the standard aluminum version. By July 1973, the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company had placed 111 composite spoilers in regular airline...
Abstract
This article provides information on the applications of fiber-reinforced composites in commercial and military aircrafts. It tabulates the composite components in various types of aircraft. The applications of the composites in the components of Boeing 727, 737, 757, 767, 777, and 777-200 are schematically illustrated.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., structures have been developed whereby the composite layers are separated by a lightweight material, making a sandwich structure. Typical materials used for the sandwich materials are honeycomb core or foam materials. Honeycomb core materials are usually based on Nomex (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company...
Abstract
This article illustrates the polymer matrices used for composite materials. It describes the use of prepeg materials in manufacturing high-performance composites. The article discusses the various infusion processes for the development of fiber-reinforced composites, namely, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and resin film infusion. It explains the composite- and matrix-toughening methods for fiber-reinforced composites, such as dispersed-phase toughening and interlayer toughening. The article concludes with information on optical microscopy, which provides an insight into the micro- and macrostructure of fiber-reinforced composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... in military and commercial aviation applications. The three main configurations used in commercial aircraft composites are sandwich, stiffened-skin, and monolithic structures. Sandwich Structure Two forms of sandwich structures are found in aircraft applications: honeycomb panels and sandwich panels...
Abstract
Maintainability is a function of the durability, damage tolerance, and repairability of a structure. This article discusses the configurations of composite structures, such as sandwich, stiffened-skin, and monolithic structures, used in commercial aircraft composites. It describes the considerations for maintainability of the composite structures during the conceptual design phase. Sources of the defects and damage, such as manufacturing defects and in-service defects, are reviewed. The article describes the nondestructive inspection methods that are used in the repair of composite structures to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic considerations for personnel, facilities, and equipment during maintenance.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (e.g., metal, composite, or elastomeric surfaces). Cured laminates that have a textured surface (which comes from being cured against breather mats) are difficult to adequately prepare for bonding by sanding because the sandpaper tends to just hit the peaks. Cleaning of honeycomb core may...
Abstract
In-process inspection during composite material lay-up is essential if the structural, dimensional, and environmental performance designed into a part is to be consistently achieved. This article discusses the requirements to be met by the facilities and equipment to produce high-quality composites. It reviews the procedures that are allowed and prohibited in controlled-contamination areas of lay-up. The article emphasizes significant areas, such as material control and lay-up process, in which quality-control personnel can be effective in preventing production problems. It concludes with a discussion on automated tape laying and fiber placement, as well as the numerically aided lay-up process.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of inclusions, and in some cases detecting water trapped in honeycomb. Component Identification Ideally, fiber reinforced composite components should be fully identified before a repair is performed. Such details as material specifications, ply numbers and ply orientations, core ribbon direction, ply...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the various types of damage that take place in advanced composite components. These include holes and punctures, delaminations, disbonds, core and resin damage, and water intrusion. The article describes various damage detection techniques, such as visual inspection, tap testing, and ultrasonic inspection, in field conditions. Designing for repair involves various considerations including structure types and repair types. The types of repairs together with other issues surrounding advanced composite repair technology are discussed. The article also provides a discussion on the design considerations, instructions, and materials for repair. It explains various paint-removal methods for composites. The article concludes with a discussion on curing equipment such as portable repair systems, vacuum bags, and ovens and autoclaves.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... are usually thin, and most components are, in fact, sandwich structures with composite facesheets. Some sandwich panels consist of precured facesheets adhesively bonded to the aluminum honeycomb core. The “cocured” sandwich, in which the facesheet and the adhesive are cured simultaneously, is becoming common...
Abstract
This article discusses composites for unmanned space vehicles and provides an overview of key design drivers, challenges, and environment for use of composites in spacecraft, launch vehicles, and missiles. It describes the design allowable properties of composite materials. The article provides information on the specific state-of-the-art applications of composite materials for spacecraft missiles and launch vehicles. A discussion on the key applications, including solid rocket motor casings, payload fairings, and payload support structures, is presented.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... over at speeds up to 130 km/h (80 mph). Snowboards A composite snowboard is constructed by Hexcel Corporation. The board consists of a thermoplastic cap or top layer, a layer of glass, carbon, or hybrid prepreg, a polyurethane honeycomb core, another layer of glass, carbon or hybrid prepreg...
Abstract
This article discusses the historical background of composite construction in recreational equipment and sporting goods. It provides information on the applications of composites in baseball bats, tennis rackets, and golf clubs. The applications of composites in bicycling, winter sports, aquatic sports, track, field, and archery equipment are also discussed.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (Boeing 8-222 specification). The honeycomb manufacturing process is shown in Fig. 2 . An aramid paper is used to manufacture untreated honeycomb. The honeycomb is coated with multiple layers of phenolic resin for densification of the honeycomb core. By using face sheets of phenolic composite...
Abstract
This article describes the chemistry of phenolic resins and reviews their characteristics and properties for various composites fabrication processes. The fabrication processes include solution/hot-melt process, pultrusion, vacuum infusion, filament winding, sheet molding, and hand lay-up. The article illustrates the manufacturing process of phenolic honeycomb and provides information on the applications of phenolic composites.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of the wing is at the bottom and the aft edge at the top of the photo. The wing spar is in the shape of a box spar with upper and lower carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy caps and shear webs made of Nomex honeycomb core and glass/epoxy skins. Fig. 8 Section of failed wing spar Test Procedures...
Abstract
This article describes the results of several case history studies of the failure of polymer-matrix composite components to provide not only some representative types of failures that can encounter, but also to provide some insight into the investigative process. These case histories deal mainly with structures that exhibit an initial material and/or manufacturing defect or failures that are most prevalent and most easily solved. The components include helicopter rotor blade, composite wing spar, and aircraft rudder.