Upset welding (UW) is a resistance welding process utilizing both heat and deformation to form a weld. A wide variety of shapes and materials can be joined using upset welding in either a single-pulse or continuous mode. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of upset welding, as well as the types of welds. The advantages include speed, ease of control, fewer defects, enhanced weld properties, simplicity of equipment, less-strict composition requirements, and ability to join difficult-to-weld materials. The article reviews the role of a homopolar generator as an alternative method for supplying the electrical current for upset welding.

This article provides a discussion on polyester coating applications such as powder coatings, can coatings, and automotive paints. It includes an overview, structure, properties, and benefits of vinyl ester resins. The article discusses the additives for both unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester coatings, namely, curing systems, thixotropic agents and fillers. It exemplifies polyester and vinyl ester coating, lining and flooring systems that are used for top-to-bottom protection of industrial plants and equipment. The article also highlights the concerns to be addressed when using polyesters and vinyl esters.

This article describes eight stages of the atomistic film growth: vaporization of the material, transport of the material to the substrate, condensation and nucleation of the atoms, nuclei growth, interface formation, film growth, changes in structure during the deposition, and postdeposition changes. It also discusses the effects and causes of growth-related properties of films deposited by physical vapor deposition processes, including residual film stress, density, and adhesion.

This article presents the following characteristics of pure metals : structure, chemical composition, mass characteristics, thermal properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, fabrication characteristics, nuclear properties, and mechanical properties.