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Book Chapter
History of Fractography
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
.... The first, published in 1868, discussed fracture grain size in relation to heat treatment and carbon content ( Ref 20 ). In a later paper, Tschernoff described the fracture of large-grain steel and, for the first time in history, accurately illustrated the true shape of metal grain ( Ref 21 ). John...
Abstract
The purpose of fractography is to analyze fracture features and attempt to relate the topography of the fracture surface to the causes and/or basic mechanisms of fracture. This article reviews the historical development of fractography, from the early studies of fracture appearance dating back to the sixteenth century to the state-of-the-art work in electron fractography and quantitative fractography. It also describes the applications and limitations of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.
Book Chapter
History and Trends of Metal Casting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005186
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of design, readily accommodating a wide range of shapes, dimensional requirements, and configuration complexities. This article traces the history of metal casting from its beginnings to the current state, creating a timeline marked by discoveries, advancements, and influential events. It also lists some...
Abstract
Casting is one of the most economical and efficient methods for producing metal parts. In terms of scale, it is well suited for everything from low-volume, prototype production runs to filling global orders for millions of parts. Casting also affords great flexibility in terms of design, readily accommodating a wide range of shapes, dimensional requirements, and configuration complexities. This article traces the history of metal casting from its beginnings to the current state, creating a timeline marked by discoveries, advancements, and influential events. It also lists some of the major markets where castings are used.
Book Chapter
History and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article presents a brief history of additive manufacturing (AM). It begins by describing additive manufacturing prehistory, dating back to 1860, which is characterized by additive part creation without the use of a computer. The article then discusses the development of additive...
Abstract
This article presents a brief history of additive manufacturing (AM). It begins by describing additive manufacturing prehistory, dating back to 1860, which is characterized by additive part creation without the use of a computer. The article then discusses the development of additive manufacturing processes occurring in the period from 1968 to 1984 and is followed by a section on modern additive manufacturing (1981 to the late 2000s). The article concludes by providing information on the growth of additive manufacturing since 2010 and the development of standards.
Book Chapter
History, Development, and Potential Benefits of the Additive Manufacturing Common Data Dictionary
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006991
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... Abstract To improve the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) systems, a critical need exists for collaborative generation, acquisition, curation, and analysis of digital AM data across the product life cycle. This article discusses the history, development, and potential benefits...
Abstract
To improve the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) systems, a critical need exists for collaborative generation, acquisition, curation, and analysis of digital AM data across the product life cycle. This article discusses the history, development, and potential benefits of the AM Common Data Dictionary (AM-CDD), along with future directions.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of recorded history. Sintering of metals was entirely forgotten during the succeeding centuries, only to be revived in Europe at the end of the 18th century, when various methods of platinum powder production were recorded ( Table 1 ). Major historical developments in powder metallurgy Table 1 Major...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) has been called a lost art. Long before furnaces were developed that could approach the melting point of metal, PM principles were used. This article provides an overview of the major historical developments of various methods of platinum powder production. The development of production methods took place in various phases starting from prehistoric time, post-war period, to recent and commercial period. The article discusses the powder metallurgy of platinum, as well as the commercial and post-war developments of PM. Literature and trade associations are also discussed.
Book Chapter
A Brief History of the Development of Thermal Spray Processes and Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005713
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Abstract Significant expansion of thermal spray technology occurred with the invention of plasma spray, detonation gun, and high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) deposition technologies. This article provides a brief history of the major initiating inventions/developments of thermal spray processes...
Abstract
Significant expansion of thermal spray technology occurred with the invention of plasma spray, detonation gun, and high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) deposition technologies. This article provides a brief history of the major initiating inventions/developments of thermal spray processes. It provides information on feedstock materials developed for specific thermal spray processes.
Book Chapter
History and Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... Abstract Electromagnetic induction is a way to heat electrically conductive materials such as metals. This article provides a brief history of electromagnetic induction and the development of induction heating technology. It explores various applications such as heating prior to metalworking...
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction is a way to heat electrically conductive materials such as metals. This article provides a brief history of electromagnetic induction and the development of induction heating technology. It explores various applications such as heating prior to metalworking, heat treating, melting, joining (welding, brazing/soldering, and shrink fitting), coating, paint curing, adhesive bonding, and zone refining of semiconductors. The article also discusses the advantages of induction heating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006320
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Age A history incursion in any subject matter starts with the “who was the first to…?” query. Thus, we should wonder who poured the first casting and how did this casting look? It appears that the birthplace of metals can be traced with some accuracy to the area north of the Black Sea...
Abstract
This article provides a short time travel of the evolution of cast iron from witchcraft to virtual cast iron, a road paralleled by the gigantic stride from a low-quality, corrupt metal to the high-tech material that it is today. It presents a chronological list of developments and use of cast iron during prehistory, antiquity, and the medieval ages in a table. The earliest successful iron founding is generally credited to the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations many centuries before Christ. The article discusses the evolution of early cast iron in Mesopotamia and China, as well as in Europe in the medieval ages. It provides information on the applications of cast iron as a high-tech, economical, and modern material.
Book Chapter
A History of Wrought Aluminum Alloys and Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... of the composition. During the historical development of wrought alloys, many changes in corporate and company names have taken place. In this article, the authors use the names of the entity at the time of specific development. 1<italic>xxx</italic> Alloy History and Applications The 1 xxx alloys...
Abstract
The development of aluminum alloys has progressed along two tracks: heat treatable and non-heat treatable. The Aluminum Association alloy composition limits and product temper are defined for major alloying elements. This article summarizes the historical evolution of the different series of wrought aluminum alloys (1xxx to 8xxx) and discusses their applications based on the alloying system introduced by the Aluminum Association.
Book Chapter
History of Fractography
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006872
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... and, for the first time in history, accurately illustrated the true shape of metal grain ( Ref 21 ). John Percy, a prolific author on metallurgical subjects, described by 1875 six general types of fracture patterns ( Ref 22 ): Crystalline , with facets as in zinc, antimony, bismuth, and spiegeleisen...
Abstract
This article reviews the historical development of fractography, from the early studies of fracture appearance dating back to the sixteenth century, and including the development of microfractography in the middle of the 20th century, to the current state-of-the-art work in electron fractography and quantitative fractography.
Image
The evolution of engineering materials through history. PE, polyethylene; P...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 The evolution of engineering materials through history. PE, polyethylene; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; PC, polycarbonate; PS, polystyrene; PP, polypropylene; CFRP, carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic; GFRP, graphite-fiber-reinforced plastic; PSZ, partially stabilized zirconia. Source: Ref
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Image
Correlation of fatigue-striation patterns with the load history to estimate...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Correlation of fatigue-striation patterns with the load history to estimate when a crack started in relation to the actual or predicted life of a part. (a) Cracked fitting. (b) and (c) Crack origin location. (d) Two distinct fatigue-striation patterns that were correlated to the load
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Image
Schematic illustration of typical microstructure history of the heat-affect...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of typical microstructure history of the heat-affected zone that occurs during both heating and cooling of steel welds
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Image
Experimentally identified history of friction coefficient of aluminum 1100 ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 2 Experimentally identified history of friction coefficient of aluminum 1100 foils during one weld. Source: Ref 17
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Image
Chronological history of bond coats/oxidation-resistant materials and therm...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 5 Chronological history of bond coats/oxidation-resistant materials and thermal spray esses. LPPS/VPS, low-pressure plasma spray/vacuum plasma spray; HVOF, high-velocity oxyfuel
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Image
(a) Finite-element mesh of the gear. (b) Points and lines used in history a...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling and Simulation of Steel Heat Treatment—Prediction of Microstructure, Distortion, Residual Stresses, and Cracking
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 16 (a) Finite-element mesh of the gear. (b) Points and lines used in history and line plots. Source: Ref 85
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Image
History of the development of nickel and nickel-chromium coatings showing t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 17 History of the development of nickel and nickel-chromium coatings showing time of introduction and periods of use. Source: Ref 37
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Image
Quenching of a silver sphere. (a) Cooling-rate history. (b) Broadband acous...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Heat Transfer during Quenching
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 11 Quenching of a silver sphere. (a) Cooling-rate history. (b) Broadband acoustical data. (c) Narrowband acoustical data. Source: Ref 44
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Image
History of the development of nickel and nickel-chromium coatings showing t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 8 History of the development of nickel and nickel-chromium coatings showing time of introduction and periods of use. Source: Ref 30
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