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hip joint simulators
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Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 8 Multistation hip joint simulator duplicates walking and other human motions typically encountered by prosthetic implants
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
...). The principal physical properties and tribological characteristics of these materials are summarized. The article discusses pin-on-disk experiments and pin-on-plate experiments for determining friction and wear characteristics. It explains the use of various types of joint simulators, such as hip joint...
Abstract
Total joint replacement in orthopedic surgery can be achieved by excision, interposition, and replacement arthroplasty. This article details the most common materials used in total replacement synovial joints: metals, ceramics, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The principal physical properties and tribological characteristics of these materials are summarized. The article discusses pin-on-disk experiments and pin-on-plate experiments for determining friction and wear characteristics. It explains the use of various types of joint simulators, such as hip joint simulators and knee joint simulators, to evaluate the performance of engineering tribological components in machine simulators. The article concludes with a section on the in vivo assessment of total joint replacement performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... of tribological pairs, namely, hip-wear simulation standards, knee-wear simulation standards, and spinal disc-wear simulation standards. friction wear medical implants prosthetic devices amphiarthosis joints diarthosis joints mechanical stability nonconstrained knee replacement semiconstrained knee...
Abstract
The human internal environment plays a vital role in the friction and wear of implants and prosthetic devices. This article describes the tribological/wear behavior of implants. It discusses the classification of active tribological pairs, namely, amphiarthosis joints and diarthosis joints. The article details the classification of total knee replacement, depending on the type of mechanical stability, including nonconstrained knee replacement, semiconstrained knee replacement, and constrained knee replacement. It also discusses the classifications of passive tribological pairs, namely, total disc replacement in the spine, dental implants, and temporomandibular joint. It describes the various testing methods for characterizing the implant materials used in hip, knee, spine, and dental applications. The article also describes the typical standards used for testing wear behavior of tribological pairs, namely, hip-wear simulation standards, knee-wear simulation standards, and spinal disc-wear simulation standards.
Image
Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 11 (a) Artificial hip joint (stem) for a beagle with oriented grooves on the proximal surface. (b) Simulated principal stress in the grooves calculated via finite-element analysis. The bone with the oriented apatite in the groove depth direction is formed inside the groove fabricated
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006889
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... of the biological response of CoCr alloys; the self-passivation surface of the alloy due to chromium ion provides corrosion resistance in devices such as articulating artificial hip and knee joints. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys...
Abstract
This article discusses some of the additive manufacturing (AM) based fabrication of alloys and their respective mechanical, electrochemical, and in vivo performance. Firstly, it briefly discusses the three AM techniques that are most commonly used in the fabrication of metallic biomedical-based devices: binder jetting, powder-bed fusion, and directed-energy deposition. The article then characterizes the electrochemical properties of additive-manufactured/processed cobalt-chromium alloys. This is followed by sections providing an evaluation of the biological response to CoCr alloys in terms of the material and 3D printing fabrication. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys in static conditions (in vitro), in dynamic physiological conditions (in vivo), and in computer-simulated conditions (in silico) are further discussed in detail. Finally, the article provides information on the qualification and certification of AM-processed medical devices.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP...
Abstract
Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes involved in the PA powder metallurgy technique. It discusses the technical problems addressed in shape control and their solutions for understanding the advantages of powder metallurgy HIP.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005741
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
.... Artificial joints are used to replace diseased biological joints in hips, knees, shoulders, elbows, wrists, fingers, and so on. The typical hip joint implant is composed of four components: a stem, head, insert, and shell ( Fig. 1 ). Other joints have similar components but different geometries. A stem...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of how thermal spray technology has adapted to meet the needs of the orthopaedic industry. It includes the challenges facing the development of artificial joints, substrate material selection criteria, thermal spray solutions, and clinical outcomes of thermal spray coatings. The article focuses on plasma thermal spray, which is the technique most often used to make porous titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings, such as thermal spray titanium, thermal spray HA, solution-precipitated HA, thermal spray chromium oxide, and thermal spray chromium carbide cermet coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... simulates the joint motion. Occasionally, only one joint surface, such as the femoral head, is replaced by an artificial component, which works against a natural articulation surface. Most joint replacements are performed on the hip. Because the normal femoral head is almost spherical, its motion...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005652
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... , Gilbert J.L. , and Galante J.O. , Migration of Corrosion Products from Modular Hip Prostheses , J. Bone Joint Surg. A , Vol 76 , 1994 , p 1345 – 1359 24. Evans E.M. , Freeman M.A.R. , Miller A.J. , and Vernon-Roberts B. , Metal Sensitivity as a Cause of Bone...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanisms of metal and alloy biocompatibility. It provides information on early testing and experience with metals in medical device applications. The article describes the response of implant and particulate materials to severe corrosion. It provides a description of metal binding and its effects on metabolic processes. Hypersensitive responses to metal ions are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... , Gilbert J.L. , and Galante J.O. , Migration of Corrosion Products from Modular Hip Prostheses , J. Bone Joint Surg. , Vol 76A , 1994 , p 1345 – 1359 10.2106/00004623-199409000-00009 22. Evans E.M. , Freeman M.A.R. , Miller A.J. , and Vernon-Roberts B. , Metal...
Abstract
In the field of medical device development and testing, the corrosion of metallic parts can lead to significant adverse effects on the biocompatibility of the device. This article describes the mechanisms of metal and alloy biocompatibility. It reviews the response of implant metals and particulate materials to corrosion. The effect of metal ions from an implanted device on the human body is also discussed. The article concludes with information on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... in Patients Who Have Had a Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty, A Prospective, Controlled, Longitudinal Study , J. Bone Joint. Surg. Am. , Vol 80 ( No. 10 ), Oct 1 , 1998 , p 1447 – 1458 10.2106/00004623-199810000-00006 10. Geis-Gerstorfer J. , Gopel W. , and Weber H. , Scanning...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion resistance and ion release from main transition metallic bearings used as medical devices. It discusses the main issues associated with the in vivo presence of ions and their biocompatibility during the exposure of patients to different aspects of ion toxicity. These include ion concentration and accumulation in organisms, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, and carcinogenicity stimulated by the corrosion process and toxic ions release.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005682
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... such as hips, knees, and shoulders perform due to the combined efforts of articular cartilage, a load-bearing connective tissue covering the bones involved in the joints, and synovial fluid, a nutrient fluid secreted within the joint area ( Ref 2 , Ref 3 , Ref 4 ). However, these joints are more often than...
Abstract
This article outlines the selection criteria for choosing an implant material for biomedical devices in orthopedic, dental, soft-tissue, and cardiovascular applications. It details the development of various implants, such as metallic, ceramic, and polymeric implants. The article discusses specific problems associated with implant manufacturing processes and the consequent compromises in the properties of functionally graded implants. It describes the manufacturing of the functionally-graded hip implant by using the LENS process. The article reviews four different types of tissue responses to the biomaterial. It discusses the testing methods of implant failure, such as in vitro and in vivo assessment of tissue compatibility.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005656
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract Porous coatings are used in the field of joint replacement, particularly in cementless total hip/knee arthroplasty. This article reviews the offerings and biomaterial properties in orthopedic surgery for the contemporary class of highly porous metals. It describes the traditional...
Abstract
Porous coatings are used in the field of joint replacement, particularly in cementless total hip/knee arthroplasty. This article reviews the offerings and biomaterial properties in orthopedic surgery for the contemporary class of highly porous metals. It describes the traditional porous metals/coatings having an open-cell structure, high porosity, and a microstructure resembling that of the cancellous bone. The traditional porous metal/coating includes fiber-metal mesh, cobalt-chromium (CoCr) beads, cancellous-structured titanium, and plasma spray. The article discusses other porous metals/coatings that have been developed due to the limitations of traditional porous metals for numerous open-cell-structured metals, such as titanium-base foams and trabecular metals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... by investment casting cobalt-chromium alloys (see the section “Orthopaedic Applications—Cast CoCrMo (ASTM F75)” in this article) for joint reconstruction followed with cobalt-chromium hip caps (cup-shaped components for placement over degraded femoral heads as interpositional implants) being introduced...
Abstract
This article reviews the concepts considered important for an understanding of the processes used for preparing cobalt-chromium alloy implants, the microstructures resulting from this processing, and the resulting material properties. The review includes solidification of alloys, diffusionless (martensitic) phase transformation as occurs with face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed transformation in cobalt-chromium alloys, and stacking faults and twins and their role in this transformation. It also discusses the strengthening mechanisms that are responsible for the mechanical properties of cast and wrought cobalt alloys. The article contains tables that list the commonly used cobalt alloys and their biomedical applications and chemical compositions. It discusses the mechanical and corrosion properties of cobalt alloys, and provides a description of the microstructure of cobalt alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006966
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... more details about the unique designs of AM devices on an joint-by-joint basis. Total Hip Arthroplasty Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common orthopedic surgery that replaces arthritic portions of the femur and acetabulum with metal components coupled with an ultra-high-molecular-weight...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of currently available metal AM processes for the medical industry; outlines a step-by-step review of the typical workflow for design, manufacturing, evaluation, and implantation of patient-specific AM devices; and examines the existing research trends in medical applications of AM with specific focus on metallic biomedical implants. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future developments in AM pertaining to the medical field are also explored.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006905
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
...-aided design that fits the bones of a patient; then, AM technology can be used to produce the device. Novel attempts at using such technology have been examined for bone replacement devices such as artificial hip joints, which include the acetabular cup and head ( Ref 26 ), and total knee replacement...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM) methods, the three-dimensional (3D)-AM-related market, and the medical additive manufactured applications. It focuses on the current scenario and future developments related to metal AM for medical applications. The discussion covers the benefits of using 3D-AM technology in the medical field, provides specific examples of medical devices fabricated by AM, reviews trends in metal implant development using AM, and presents future prospects for the development of novel high-performance medical devices via metal 3D-additive manufacturing.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... are used as the ball in the articulating region of a hip joint, as bioactive coatings on implants, and in certain aspects of dental use—for example, as fillers or for porcelain enameling (a ceramic process). Carbon finds use in heart valves and dental implants. As for polymeric materials, silicone has been...
Abstract
Biomaterials are the man-made metallic, ceramic, and polymeric materials used for intracorporeal applications in the human body. This article primarily focuses on metallic materials. It provides information on basic metallurgy, biocompatibility, chemistry, and the orthopedic and dental applications of metallic biomaterials. A table compares the mechanical properties of some common implant materials with those of bone. The article also provides information on coatings, ceramics, polymers, composites, cements, and adhesives, especially where they interact with metallic materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and nonwetting defects observed in solderability tests. Fig. 8 Types of solderability defects. (a) Nonwetted. (b) Dewetted. Source: Ref 16 Head-in-Pillow Defect A head-in-pillow (HiP) defect is the incomplete wetting of the solder joint between a solder joint and the printed solder paste ( Fig...
Abstract
Due to the recent requirement of higher integration density, solder joints are getting smaller in electronic product assemblies, which makes the joints more vulnerable to failure. Thus, the root-cause failure analysis for the solder joints becomes important to prevent failure at the assembly level. This article covers the properties of solder alloys and the corresponding intermetallic compounds. It includes the dominant failure modes introduced during the solder joint manufacturing process and in field-use applications. The corresponding failure mechanism and root-cause analysis are also presented. The article introduces several frequently used methods for solder joint failure detection, prevention, and isolation (identification for the failed location).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005674
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract Titanium and its alloys have been used extensively in a wide variety of implant applications, such as artificial heart pumps, pacemaker cases, heart valve parts, and load-bearing bone or hip joint replacements or bone splints. This article discusses the properties of titanium and its...
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have been used extensively in a wide variety of implant applications, such as artificial heart pumps, pacemaker cases, heart valve parts, and load-bearing bone or hip joint replacements or bone splints. This article discusses the properties of titanium and its alloys and presents a list of titanium-base biomaterials. Titanium components are produced in wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy (PM) form. The article describes forging, casting, and heat treating of titanium alloys for producing titanium components. Typical mechanical properties of titanium biomedical implant alloys are listed in a tabular form. The article presents an overview of the surface-modification methods for titanium and its alloys implants. It concludes with a section on biocompatibility and in vivo corrosion of titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006906
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... with Hip Joint Osteoarthritis , BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. , Vol 20 ( No. 1 ), 2019 , p 222 , 10.1186/s12891-019-2608-y 45. Yeung M. , Abdulmajeed A. , Carrico C.K. , Deeb G.R. , and Bencharit S. , Accuracy and Precision of 3D-Printed Implant Surgical Guides...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), or three-dimensional printing, has ushered in an era of mass customization in the many different industries in which it is used. The use of the personalized surgical instrument (PSI) is no exception. Initially, PSIs were not a result of the use of AM; rather, what occurred is an improvement in their methods of manufacturing. This article discusses the fundamentals, benefits, manufacturing, and other application examples beyond orthopedics of PSIs. In addition, an outlook of AM in biomedical applications is also covered.
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