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high energy density electron welding
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... welding electrons focused beam diameter high energy density electron welding keyhole-mode welding laser beam welding photons power density boundary HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BEAM WELDING refers to electron or laser processes where a beam of electrons or photons, respectively, can be focused to power...
Abstract
This article provides a history of electron and laser beam welding, discusses the properties of electrons and photons used for welding, and contrasts electron and laser beam welding. It presents a comparison of the electron and laser beam welding processes. The article also illustrates constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005615
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... ELECTRON BEAM WELDING (EBW) is a high energy density beam welding process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded with an intense beam of electrons that have been accelerated up to velocities 0.3 to 0.7 times the speed of light at 30 to 200 kV, respectively. Some of the details were given...
Abstract
This article introduces the operating principles and modes of operation for high-vacuum (EBW-HV), Medium-vacuum (EBW-MV), and nonvacuum (EBW-NV) electron beam welding. Equipment, process sequence, part preparation, process control, and weld geometry are described for electron beam welding. Advantages are described in terms of welding near heat sensitive components or materials and producing deep penetration or shallow welds with the same equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... simplified and detailed heat-source models that have been used in the modeling of arc welding, high-energy-density welding, and resistance welding. arc welding direct heat source electric arc welding electron beam welding fusion welding gas metal arc welding gas tungsten arc welding heat-source...
Abstract
Three types of energy are used primarily as direct heat sources for fusion welding: electric arcs, laser beams, and electron beams. This article reviews the physical phenomena that influence the input-energy distribution of the heat source for fusion welding. It also discusses several simplified and detailed heat-source models that have been used in the modeling of arc welding, high-energy-density welding, and resistance welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... of the (a) melt-in or conduction versus (b) keyhole modes in high-energy-density welding processes, including plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding. Source: Ref 2 As the beam energy source moves along (at the welding speed), the molten material surrounding the vapor cavity...
Abstract
This article overviews the classification of welding processes and the key process embodiments for joining by various fusion welding processes: fusion welding with chemical sources for heating; fusion welding with electrical energy sources, such as arc welding or resistance welding; and fusion welding with directed energy sources, such as laser welding, electron beam welding. The article reviews the different types of nonfusion welding processes, regardless of the particular energy source, which is usually mechanical but can be chemical, and related subprocesses of brazing and soldering.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a high-energy density fusion process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded with an intense (strongly focused) beam of electrons that have been accelerated up to velocities 0.3 to 0.7 times the speed of light at 25 to 200 kV...
Abstract
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a high-energy density fusion process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded with an intense (strongly focused) beam of electrons that have been accelerated up to velocities 0.3 to 0.7 times the speed of light at 25 to 200 kV, respectively. This article discusses the principles of operation, as well as the advantages and limitations of EBW. It reviews the basic variables employed for controlling the results of an electron-beam weld. These include accelerating voltage, beam current, welding speed, focusing current, and standoff distance. The article reviews the operation sequence and safety aspects of EBW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.../in. 2 ). (See the article “Introduction to High Energy Density Electron and Laser Beam Welding” in this Volume for an introduction to the nature of laser beam radiation.) Lasers have been promoted as potentially useful welding tools for a variety of applications. By 1965, a variety of laser...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals, mechanisms, process physics, advantages, and limitations of laser beam welding. It describes the independent and dependent process variables in view of their role in procedure development and process selection. The article includes information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints, and weld pool geometry, are discussed. The article also reviews the various injuries and electrical and chemical hazards associated with laser beam welding.
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the (a) melt-in or conduction versus (b) keyhole modes in high-energy-density welding processes, including plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding. Source: Ref 2
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... modeling of the welding heat source is generally complex, because of the nature of energy transfer to the workpiece, whether the source of that energy is an arc, a high-energy-density beam of electrons or laser light, or joule heating. For numerical modeling purposes, heat input to the weldment is usually...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 2.25Cr-1Mo steel plate, single-pass electron beam weld. Heat input: 0.5 MJ/m. Macrostructure shows high depth-to-width ratio of the fusion zone, which is typical of high-energy density welding processes. Etchant: 85 mL H 2 O + 15 mL HNO 3 + 5 mL methanol. Magnification: 2.8×
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005639
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... beam microwelding fluid flow heat flow high energy density beam laser beam laser beam microwelding laser droplet welding laser spike welding melting microjoining microjoints microwelds postweld metrology SHADOW welding solidification MICROJOINING with high energy density beams...
Abstract
Microjoining with high energy density beams is a new subject in the sense that the progress of miniaturization in industry has made the desire to make microjoints rapidly and reliably a current and exciting topic. This article summarizes the current state of microjoining with both electron and laser beams. It considers the elementary physical processes such as heat and fluid flow to introduce the reader to the phenomena that affect melting, coalescence, and solidification needed for a successful microweld. The various forces driving (and resisting) fluid flow are analyzed. The article discusses the equipment suitable for microjoining and the metallurgical consequences and postweld metrology of the process. It also provides examples of developmental welds employing laser and electron beam microwelding techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... conditions such as high energy density and minimum energy input, that increase the temperature gradients in both the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and increase the overall weld cooling rate, will be required to minimize the widths of the partially melted region and the HAZ. Such welding...
Abstract
Conventional high-strength aluminum alloys produced via powder metallurgy (P/M) technologies, namely, rapid solidification (RS) and mechanical alloying (mechanical attrition) have high strength at room temperature and elevated temperature. This article focuses on the metallurgy and weldability of dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloys based on the aluminum-iron system that are produced using various RS-P/M processing techniques. It describes weldability issues related to weld solidification behavior, the formation of hydrogen-induced porosity in the weld zone, and the high-temperature deformation behavior of these alloys, which affect the selection and application of fusion and solid-state welding processes. The article provides specific examples of material responses to welding conditions and highlights the microstructural development in the weld zone.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Book Chapter