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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 11 Proper and improper techniques for heavy cutting. (a) Proper torch position; preheat is primarily on starting face. (b) Improper start; oxygen stream is too far onto work, which results in action of cut as shown in (c) and in uncut corner as shown in (d). (e) Excessive oxygen pressure
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Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 7 Proper and improper techniques for heavy cutting. (a) Proper torch position; preheat is primarily on starting face. (b) Improper start; oxygen stream is too far onto work, which results in action of cut as shown in (c) and in uncut corner as shown in (d). (e) Excessive oxygen pressure
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 12 Proper and improper techiques for completing a heavy cut. (a) Minimum drag (typical at balanced conditions) permits flame to break through cutting face uniformly at all points. (b) Excessive drag, typically caused by insufficient oxygen or excessive speed, results in undercut. (c
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 8 Proper and improper techniques for a heavy cut. (a) Minimum drag (typical at balanced conditions) permits flame to break through cutting face uniformly at all points. (b) Excessive drag, typically caused by insufficient oxygen or excessive speed, results in undercut. (c) Forward drag
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation. acetylene carbon steel cast irons chemical reactions heavy cutting...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 6 Typical manual-stroke honing machine employing automatic size control. Functions of components listed are described in the text. A, heavy cutting pressure control; B, spring; C, lever; D, feed screw; E, collar; F, light cutting pressure control; G, spring; H, lever; J, rod-and-fork
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001483
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... and close-tolerance shapes. acetylene bars and structural shape close-tolerance cutting cutting equipment fuel gases heavy cutting light cutting medium cutting methylacetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas natural gas oxyfuel gas cutting OXYFUEL GAS CUTTING (OFC) includes a group of cutting...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article provides a detailed discussion on the principles of operation and the process capabilities of OFC. In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural and close-tolerance shapes.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., as is common in machining of stainless steel. The use of coolants and lubricants is optional except for thread tapping. If used, they should be water-based, nonalkaline formulations. Tungsten heavy alloys may be readily cut using a heavy-duty shop band saw equipped with either a bi-metal blade with hook...
Abstract
Refractory metals are typically processed from powders into ingots that are subsequently swaged into round bars or rolled into plates. Secondary operations are required to fabricate more complex refractory metal components. This article discusses two such secondary operations, namely, machining and joining processes for tungsten, tungsten heavy alloys, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, and rhenium components. It describes the various types of metal joining processes, including mechanical fastening, brazing, and welding.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Movement of torch when cutting cost iron. (a) Cutting thin cast iron. (b) Cutting heavy cast iron
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Image
in Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
square with 25% cut balanced break. (d) Heavy gages; soft metal; all alloys. Edge square with slight roll. (e) As a rule, the heavy-gage, high-copper alloys have the greatest tendency to roll and burr.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 21 Cross (a) that was gas cut, by method shown in (b), in approximately 8% of the time formerly required for producing it by band sawing (example 7). Dimensions in inches Operating conditions for gas cutting Cutting tip Heavy-duty Diameter of cutting- oxygen orifice 2.7
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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002188
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... prevent heavy cuts; therefore, most roughing is done before age hardening. Solution annealing of age-hardenable alloys improves machinability by dissolving hard phases. A second method of minimizing work hardening during machining is to employ careful machining practices. Sharp tools with positive...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys can be machined by techniques that are used for iron-base alloys. This article discusses the effects of distortion and microstructure on the machinability of nickel alloys. It tabulates the classification of nickel alloys based on machining characteristics. The article describes the machining operations performed on nickel alloys, such as turning, planing and shaping, broaching, reaming, drilling, tapping and threading, milling, sawing, and grinding. It provides information on the cutting fluids used in the machining of nickel alloys. The article also analyzes nontraditional machining methods that are suitable for shaping high-temperature, high-strength nickel alloys. These include electrochemical machining, electron beam machining, and laser beam machining.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... be applied generously to the tool-workpiece contact area. Dry machining is not recommended, but is practiced successfully in some cases when small amounts of metal are removed. Emulsifiable oils mixed with water (ratio 1:20 to 1:10 for heavy cutting) are preferred to oil-base fluids because of their superior...
Abstract
This article discusses various machining techniques of zinc alloy die castings. These include turning, boring, drilling, reaming, tapping, die threading, milling, and sawing. In addition, the article describes the factors that influence machinability of the zinc alloy die castings.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... wrap themselves around the tool in heavy cuts, or mar the finish in a final cut. Avoidance of chip congestion is of particular importance in boring lead-base bearings. If a lead alloy chip becomes entrapped, it is likely to fuse and promote further congestion, damaging the surface of the workpiece...
Abstract
Boring is a machining process in which internal diameters are generated in true relation to the centerline of the spindle by means of single-point cutting tools. This article provides a discussion on boring machines and boring tools and presents a comprehensive discussion on the various elements of boring. The elements are composition and hardness of workpiece metal, cutting fluid, speeds and feeds, and methods for piloting and supporting tools in boring applications. The article explains the role of workpiece size in selecting the equipment and processing procedure and the use of techniques to overcome difficulties presented by workpiece configuration. It describes the factors related to accuracy of boring and factors affecting them. The article also presents a discussion on close-tolerance boring and methods of controlling vibration and chatter. It concludes with a section presenting information on the use of boring equipment for machining operations other than boring.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... or cutting edges. However, in applications involving hard work metals or heavy cuts, the cobalt types of high-speed steel, such as T6, T15, M6, or M44, will give better tool life. These more highly alloyed high-speed steels are generally used as inserts. Carbides Under conditions of maximum rigidity...
Abstract
Planing is a machining process for removing metal from surfaces in horizontal, vertical, or angular planes. This article discusses the process capabilities of planing and the operations of double-housing and open-side planers. It reviews workpiece setup procedures, including platelike workpieces, irregularly shaped workpieces, and workpieces used for tandem planning. The article provides information on the applications of high-speed steels and carbides in planer tools. It analyzes the tools available in a variety of configurations suited to the undercutting, slotting, and straight planing of either horizontal or vertical surfaces. These include carbide roughing, finishing, gooseneck-holder finishing, and double-cutting tools. The article lists recommended speeds and feeds for planing with high-speed steel or carbide tools. It concludes with a comparison of planing with sawing and milling.
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 9 Effect of cutting speed and cutting fluids in drilling solution-treated and aged Ti-6Al-4V having 375 HB hardness. Cutting fluids, wear rates, and tool life: A, chemical emulsion (1:15), 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) wear at 13 m/min (43 sfm), 250 holes; B, heavy-duty soluble oil (1:15), 0.15 mm
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the operations are not exceptionally severe. Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives Extreme pressure (EP) additives are added to fluids used for machining operations where cutting forces are particularly high, such as tapping and broaching, or for operations performed with heavy feeds. Chemical or EP additives...
Abstract
Cutting fluids play a major role in increasing productivity and reducing costs by making possible the use of higher cutting speeds, higher feed rates, and greater depths of cut. After listing the functions of cutting fluids, this article then covers the major types, characteristics, advantages and limitations of cutting and grinding fluids, such as cutting oils, water-miscible fluids, gaseous fluids, pastes, and solid lubricants along with their subtypes. It discusses the factors considered during the selection of cutting fluid, focusing on machinability (or grindability) of the material, compatibility (metallurgical, chemical, and human), and acceptability (fluid properties, reliability, and stability). The article also describes various application methods of cutting fluids and precautions that should be observed by the operator.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002186
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... production on small, manually operated machine tools and on large, specially built, completely automated transfer machines operating at high production rates. The ease of machining magnesium results in significant benefits over more-difficult-to-machine metals. Heavy cuts can be taken at high speeds...
Abstract
Magnesium is machined in low-volume production on small, manually operated machine tools and on large, specially built, completely automated transfer machines operating at high production rates. This article focuses on the factors that affect the machining of magnesium. It discusses chip formation and distortion due to thermal expansion, cold work, and clamping and provides information on magnesium-matrix composites. The article describes materials, design, and sharpness as factors for selection of tool for machining magnesium. It illustrates turning and boring, planing and shaping, broaching, drilling, reaming, counterboring, milling, sawing, and grinding operations performed on magnesium. Safety measures related to machining, handling of chips and fines, and fire extinguishing are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article describes the principles of operation, operating techniques, equipment selection, and important process variables of air-carbon arc cutting. It also provides information on the safety practices to be followed during the air-carbon arc cutting process. air-carbon arc...
Abstract
This article describes the principles of operation, operating techniques, equipment selection, and important process variables of air-carbon arc cutting. It also provides information on the safety practices to be followed during the air-carbon arc cutting process.
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