Fig. 6 Induction heaters with vertical coil arrangements. Courtesy of Inductoheat, Inc. More

Fig. 28 Application-oriented software of modular induction heaters generates the power settings for each inverter, which can be downloaded into a programmable logic controller (PLC) recipe. Courtesy of Inductoheat, Inc. More

Fig. 10 Stress rupture of heater tube. (a) Heater tube that failed due to stress rupture. (b) and (c) Stress-rupture voids near the fracture. Source Ref 10 More

Fig. 1 Circulation and components of the cooling system. A, heater hose; B, heater control valve; C, thermostat; D, radiator hose; E, overflow reservoir; F, heater core; G, engine; H, coolant pump; I, fan; J, radiator More

Fig. 21 Electric immersion heater. Heater mounted in a 200 L (5 gal.) electroless nickel plating tank. A bag filter is mounted on the filtration pump discharge. Heater mounted in a 200 L (50 gal) electroless nickel plating tank. A bag filter is mounted on the filtration pump discharge. More

Fig. 44 Two-section heater for static heating: (1) heater section, (2) billet More

Fig. 11 Failed brine-heater shell of ASTM A285, grade C, carbon steel. The shell fractured at welded joints because of overstress during normal operation. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 20 Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identified as corrosion fatigue mixed with SCC. 50×. (b) Corrosion-fatigue crack morphology alternating with corrosion pits and transgranular cracking. 100× More

Fig. 1 Schematic for a gas hot water heater ( Ref 25 ) More

Fig. 2 Hierarchical representation of the hot water heater and its subsystems More

Fig. 3 Functional block diagram of hot water heater More

Fig. 4 Reliability logic diagram for hot water heater More

Fig. 4 Digester liquor heater More

Fig. 7 Utility cycle tray deaerating heater with the deaerating vessel on top of storage tank. Courtesy of Jonas, Inc. More

Fig. 12 Three-zone feedwater heater (desuperheating, condensing, and subcooling zones). Courtesy of Heat Exchange Institute More

Fig. 13 Flow-accelerated corrosion of carbon steel feedwater heater tubes. Courtesy of Jonas, Inc. More

Fig. 7 Ljungström air heater showing the locations of the air seal and cold end basket corrosion sites More

Fig. 9 General induction heater scheme. A power source, typically the ac line, is rectified and filtered, yielding dc with the required voltage or current. The input rectifier may include a preconverter for power factor correction, adjustable output voltage or current, etc., as required More

Fig. 80 Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identified as corrosion fatigue mixed with stress-corrosion cracking. Original magnification: 50×. (b) Corrosion-fatigue crack morphology alternating with corrosion pits and transgranular cracking. Original More

Fig. 11 Failed brine-heater shell of ASTM A285, grade C carbon steel. The shell fractured at welded joints because of overstress during normal operation. Dimensions in inches More