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Image
Hardness, in terms of the Vickers hardness number, versus depth below the s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 41 Hardness, in terms of the Vickers hardness number, versus depth below the surface for three P/M steels following vacuum carburization at 925 °C (1695 °F). The higher the porosity the deeper the carbon penetration because of permeation through the open pore network. Below approximately
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Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Image
Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 1 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data from the hardness conversion tables.
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Image
Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 1 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data from the hardness conversion tables.
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Image
Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 1 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data from the hardness conversion tables.
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Image
Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 1 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel. Points represent data from the hardness conversion tables.
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Image
Variation of indentation hardness with Mohs number. The slope of the line i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 1 Variation of indentation hardness with Mohs number. The slope of the line indicates that a unit change in Mohs number corresponds to a factor of ∼1.6 in the indentation hardness. The logarithm of hardness is plotted in the figure. Source: Ref 6
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Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels. The article lists the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers hardness numbers for steel in tables. The tables are also outlined in a graphical form. Brinell hardness hardness number nonaustenitic steels Rockwell...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article summarizes hardness conversion formulas for various materials in a table. It tabulates the approximate Rockwell B and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels. The article lists the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers hardness numbers for steel in tables. The tables are also outlined in a graphical form.
Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0006001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list hardness conversion formulas. Approximate Rockwell B and C hardness conversion numbers...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list hardness conversion formulas. Approximate Rockwell B and C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels, and approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steels are provided.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for wrought aluminum products, wrought coppers, and cartridge brass. cartridge brass hardness number wrought aluminum wrought coppers Approximate equivalent hardness...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for wrought aluminum products, wrought coppers, and cartridge brass.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract This article presents a comprehensive collection of tables that list Rockwell hardness and superficial hardness numbers for wrought aluminum products, wrought coppers, and cartridge brass. hardness number Rockwell hardness wrought aluminum wrought coppers Approximate...
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive collection of tables that list Rockwell hardness and superficial hardness numbers for wrought aluminum products, wrought coppers, and cartridge brass.
Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005184
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... irons. It informs that when making hardness correlations, it is best to consult ASTM E 140. The article tabulates the approximate Rockwell B hardness and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels according to ASTM E 140. It also tabulates the approximate equivalent hardness numbers...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article tabulates examples of the published hardness conversion equations for various materials including steels, cement carbides, and white cast irons. It informs that when making hardness correlations, it is best to consult ASTM E 140. The article tabulates the approximate Rockwell B hardness and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels according to ASTM E 140. It also tabulates the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.
Book Chapter
Hardness Conversions for Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Hardness conversions are empirical relationships defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a collection of tables that present approximate Rockwell B hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels as per ASTM E 140 and approximate...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a collection of tables that present approximate Rockwell B hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels as per ASTM E 140 and approximate equivalent hardness numbers for the Brinell hardness and the Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.
Image
Diagram showing direct relationship between ASTM grain size number and hard...
Available to Purchase
in High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3(a) Diagram showing direct relationship between ASTM grain size number and hardenability. For a grain size increment of one ASTM grain size number, multiply by 1.083. For a grain size increase of two ASTM size numbers, multiply by 1.172. For an increased grain size of three ASTM size
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Image
Effect of brine concentration on hardness of end-quench specimens. Numbers ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 16 Effect of brine concentration on hardness of end-quench specimens. Numbers indicate 1/16 in. increments from quench end. Note: End-quench specimens were not hardened using the standard Jominy end-quench test; specimens were quenched in still water at 100 °C (210 °F) with only the end
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Book Chapter
Engineering Data for Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... include density, linear thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, resistivity, and approximate melting temperature. The tables also present approximate equivalent hardness numbers for austenitic steels, nonaustenitic steels, austenitic stainless steel sheet, wrought aluminum...
Abstract
This article contains tables that present engineering data for the following metals and their alloys: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, precious metals, permanent magnet materials, pure metals, rare earth metals, and actinide metals. Data presented include density, linear thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, resistivity, and approximate melting temperature. The tables also present approximate equivalent hardness numbers for austenitic steels, nonaustenitic steels, austenitic stainless steel sheet, wrought aluminum products, wrought copper, and cartridge brass. The article lists conversion factors classified according to the quantity/property of interest.
Book Chapter
Methods of Measuring Case Depth in Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers...
Abstract
Case depth is the normal distance from the surface of the steel to the start of the core. Measurement of case depth is highly sensitive to the type of case hardening, original steel composition, quenching condition, and even to the testing method. This article describes the various methods of measuring case depth in steels, including chemical methods such as the combustion analysis and spectrographic analysis, microhardness test method, macroscopic and microscopic visual methods, and nondestructive methods. It contains a table that provides approximate equivalent hardness numbers for steel.
Image
Relation between tensile strength and Brinell hardness for steels in the as...
Available to Purchase
in Hardenable Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 5 Relation between tensile strength and Brinell hardness for steels in the as-rolled, normalized, or quenched and tempered condition. The tensile strength in ksi is approximately one-half the Brinell hardness number and in MPa is approximately 3 1 2 times the Brinell hardness
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Book Chapter
Macroindentation Hardness Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... The Vickers hardness test follows the same principle of the Brinell test—that is, an indenter of definite shape is pressed into the material to be tested, the load removed, the diagonals of the resulting indentation measured, and the hardness number calculated by dividing the load by the surface area...
Abstract
This article describes the principal methods for macroindentation hardness testing by the Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell methods. For each method, the test types and indenters, scale limitations, testing machines, calibration, indenter selection and geometry, load selection and impression size, testing methodology, and testing of specific materials are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer...
Abstract
Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods.
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