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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... on the operating principles and applications of detectors for x-ray spectroscopy, namely energy-dispersive spectrometers, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers, and handheld x-ray fluorescence systems. The processes involved in x-ray analysis in the SEM and handheld x-ray fluorescence analysis are then covered...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of image conversion techniques allow the viewing of radiographic images while the testpiece is being irradiated and moved with respect to the radiation source and the radiation detector. Real-time radiography is a technique in which the x-rays cause fluorescence of a sensor, and that image is visually...
Book Chapter

By S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article provides a detailed account of X-ray spectroscopy used for elemental identification and determination. It begins with an overview of the operating principles of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, as well as a comparison of the operating principles of wavelength...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... maintenance, including assurance that adequate calibrations have been upheld. Methods such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), arc or spark optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and inductively coupled plasma OES (ICP-OES) can be considered quantitative methods. To obtain optimal quantitative results, the sample...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... is digital photography. The digital camera is incorporated in the scanning electron microscope. X-ray spectroscopy image photography may also be used for the recording of x-ray images and maps. Fig. 30 Setup for scanning electron microscopic examination of exemplar fractured crankshaft Fig. 31...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... not benefit by color photography. The primary techniques of photography associated with scanning electron microscopy are digital photography and instant film photography. X-ray imaging spectroscopy associated with scanning electron microscopy typically uses digital photography for the recording of x-ray...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006890
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
.... They are usually inexpensive and provide low accuracy. On the other hand, active devices emit radiation, which can be visible by light, x-ray, or ultrasound, and they detect the reflection or radiation passing through an object ( Ref 49 – 57 ). Optical Noncontact Devices A commonly used optical passive...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., including scanning electron microscope fractography, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of the deposit, and metallographic examination, were clearly indicated by the initial fractographic results. These additional analyses indicated an intergranular fracture covered by a tenacious oxide scale, which...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.9781627082136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... contrast DNG digital negative DOF depth of field DPI dots per inch DSLR digital single-lens reflex camera dual-beam SEM SEM with ion guns for milling, plating, and imaging EBSD electron backscattered diffraction EDX energy-dispersive x-ray analysis EPS Encapsulated...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003524
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of electromagnetic inspection include: Depth of penetration is shallow. Materials to be inspected must be electrically conductive. Indications are influenced by more than one variable. Reference standards are required. Residual Stress Analysis X-ray diffraction is the most common method...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... or no interest that affect instrument indications to a greater degree than variables of interest present an obstacle to the process. One of the most common nondestructive methods used to verify chemical composition is portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. However, this method is not discussed in this article...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... the chemical composition of surface residue. Various techniques may be used, including energy-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Where microbiologically influenced corrosion is suspected as a possible cause or contributor to a failure, deposit samples should...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... . This technique is destructive like the Daimler-Benz adhesion test but is highly accurate. Results can be verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cross-section samples of the coated surface. Coating thickness can also be measured using x-ray fluorescence (XRF...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... surface deposits using techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to discover corrosion products or even oxidants such as MnO 2 or elemental sulfur that can be matched to a known corrosion scenario. The turnaround time for this work...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005858
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... an atom or molecule and break the intra- and intermolecular links, unlike cosmic rays and x-rays or γ rays emitted by radioactive substances. Near Field and Far Field When the distance between the source and the exposed person is less than 1.6 times the wavelength, this person is in a zone called...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.9781627083294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.9781627081993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3