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hafnium
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003826
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article describes the processes involved in the production of hafnium and its alloys. It discusses the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of hafnium. The aqueous corrosion testing of hafnium and its alloys is detailed. The article reviews the corrosion resistance...
Abstract
This article describes the processes involved in the production of hafnium and its alloys. It discusses the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of hafnium. The aqueous corrosion testing of hafnium and its alloys is detailed. The article reviews the corrosion resistance of hafnium in specific media, namely, water, steam, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, alkalis, organics, molten metals, and gases. Forms of corrosion, namely, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, and pitting corrosion are included. The article explains the corrosion of hafnium alloys such as hafnium-zirconium alloys and hafnium-tantalum alloys. It also deals with the applications of hafnium and its alloys in the nuclear and chemical industries.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which hafnium (Hf) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which hafnium (Hf) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article discusses the general characteristics, primary and secondary fabrication methods, product forms, and corrosion resistance of zirconium and hafnium. It describes the physical metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys, providing details on allotropic transformation...
Abstract
This article discusses the general characteristics, primary and secondary fabrication methods, product forms, and corrosion resistance of zirconium and hafnium. It describes the physical metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys, providing details on allotropic transformation and anisotropy that profoundly influences the engineering properties of zirconium and its alloys. Tables listing the values for chemical composition and tensile properties for nuclear and nonnuclear grades of zirconium are also provided.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001312
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Zirconium and hafnium surfaces require cleaning and finishing for reasons such as preparation for joining, heat treatment, plating, forming, and producing final surface finishes. This article provides information on various surface treatment processes, surface soil removal, blast...
Abstract
Zirconium and hafnium surfaces require cleaning and finishing for reasons such as preparation for joining, heat treatment, plating, forming, and producing final surface finishes. This article provides information on various surface treatment processes, surface soil removal, blast cleaning, chemical descaling, pickling or etching, anodizing, autoclaving, polishing, buffing, vapor phase nitriding, and electroplating. Applications of these surface treatment processes are also reviewed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. This article discusses the processing methods of these metals, namely, liquid-liquid separation process, distillation separation process...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. This article discusses the processing methods of these metals, namely, liquid-liquid separation process, distillation separation process, refining, and melting. It also discusses the primary and secondary fabrication of zirconium and hafnium and its alloys. The article talks about the metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys with emphasis on allotropic transformation, cold work and recrystallization, anisotropy and preferred orientation, and the role of oxygen. It concludes by providing useful information on the applications of reactor and industrial grades of zirconium alloys.
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 23 Mechanically twinned hafnium weld. Specimen was attack polished and heat tinted (∼400 °C, or 750 °F). Polarized light illumination. 60×. (P.E. Danielson)
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 46 Hafnium crystal bar showing twins caused by cold working. Attack polished, heat tinted at 480 °C (900 °F), and viewed under differential interference contrast illumination. 65×. (P.E. Danielson)
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Refractory Metals and Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 Differential interference contrast light micrograph of arc-melted hafnium-niobium alloy (Hf-2 wt% Nb) buttons showing acicular α within prior-β grains. Chemically polished (solution A, Table 2 ), swabbed for ∼45 s, and swab etched (solution B, Table 2 ) for ∼20 s
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Refractory Metals and Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Differential interference contrast light micrograph of arc-melted hafnium-niobium alloy (Hf-3 wt% Nb) buttons showing acicular α within prior-β grains. Chemically polished (solution A, Table 2 ), swabbed for 60 to 90 s, and swab etched (solution B, Table 2 ) for ∼20 to 30 s. Source
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 40 Hafnium sheet, transverse, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2 ( Table 2 ), anodized at 15 V, polarized light. This micrograph shows the appearance of a hafnium weld structure. Original magnification: 15×
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 41 Hafnium plate, wrought, longitudinal. (a) Plate surface viewed with polarized light illumination. (b) Contaminated area. Attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2, anodized at 118 V, and viewed with bright-field illumination. These micrographs show the hardness differences between
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 42 Hafnium plate, longitudinal, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2 ( Table 2 ), polarized light. This microphotograph shows how anodization assists in delineation of the grain structure. Original magnification: 100×
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 43 Hafnium rod, powder metallurgy, transverse. Attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2, anodized at 118 V, and viewed with bright-field illumination. Transverse view of a hafnium grain structure with second phase (iron enriched) in the grain boundaries. Original magnification: 1000×.
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 44 Hafnium sheet, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2 ( Table 2 ), anodized at 115 V, polarized light. Softer materials may be more susceptible to artifacts caused during preparation. (a) Improper polishing caused what appear to be defects in the grains. (b) Properly prepared sample
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 45 Hafnium rod, 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) in diameter, transverse. Attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2, anodized at 115 V, and viewed with polarized light illumination. This micrograph shows texture “lobes” caused by localized deformation. Original magnification: 15×.
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 46 Hafnium sheet, wrought, longitudinal, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2 ( Table 2 ), anodized at 15 V, polarized light. This micrograph shows the effect of cold work in a structure. Original magnification: 150×
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 47 Hafnium crystal bar, longitudinal, attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2 ( Table 2 ), anodized at 15 V, polarized light. This hafnium grain structure exhibits very large grains due to high purity and shows twinning in the grains. Original magnification: 15×
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 48 Hafnium crystal bar, longitudinal. Attack polished, heat tinted, and viewed with polarized light illumination. This micrograph shows the twinning in hafnium grains. Original magnification: 50×.
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 50 Zircaloy 4/hafnium bimetallic tube. Attack polished, etchant procedure No. 2, anodized at 108 V, and viewed with bright-field illumination. This micrograph shows the difference in anodization color of zirconium as compared to hafnium. Original magnification: 100×
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