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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article discusses selected highlights of thermodynamic relationships during solidification and nucleation kinetics behavior in connection with the basis of nucleation treatments, such as grain refinement and inoculation, to provide a summary of nucleation phenomena during casting...
Abstract
This article discusses selected highlights of thermodynamic relationships during solidification and nucleation kinetics behavior in connection with the basis of nucleation treatments, such as grain refinement and inoculation, to provide a summary of nucleation phenomena during casting. The article describes nucleation phenomenon such as homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. It examines various grain refinement models, such as the carbide-boride model, the free growth model, and the constitutional undercooling model. The article concludes with information on the thermal analysis techniques for assessing grain-refining characteristics during master alloy processing.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Grain refinement in aluminum casting alloys tends to reduce the amount of porosity and the size of the pores and to improve mechanical properties, especially fatigue strength. This article provides information on measurement of grain size in alloys and describes the mechanisms of grain...
Abstract
Grain refinement in aluminum casting alloys tends to reduce the amount of porosity and the size of the pores and to improve mechanical properties, especially fatigue strength. This article provides information on measurement of grain size in alloys and describes the mechanisms of grain refinement in aluminum casting alloys. It reviews the use of boron and titanium as a grain refiner for aluminum casting alloys. The article discusses the best practices for grain refinement in various aluminum casting alloys. These include aluminum-silicon casting alloys, aluminum-silicon-copper casting alloys, aluminum-silicon-copper casting alloys, aluminum-zinc-magnesium casting alloys, and aluminum-magnesium casting alloys. The article also examines the benefits of grain refinement in aluminum casting alloys.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 3 As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain refiner. (b) Grain refined. Both etched using Poulton's etch; both 2×. Courtesy of W.G. Lidman, KB Alloys, Inc.
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 3 As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain refiner. (b) Grain refined. Both etched using Poulton's etch; both 2×
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 23 Center crack observed in billet due to poor grain refinement. Dye penetrant (Zyglo) was used. 1×. Courtesy of Marlene Reisinger, Eastalco
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 5 Effect of grain refinement by inoculation on aluminum-silicon castings (a) without and (b) with titanium-boron addition
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in Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 5 Effect of grain refiner on grain size vs. annealing temperature. Courtesy of LeachGarner Company
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Micrograph showing α-phase morphology of a typical grain-refined raw material before reheating. Specimen has been etched to darken the eutectic phase.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Micrograph showing α-phase morphology of a grain-refined material after reheating and casting. The eutectic phase is lighter in this micrograph because it has not been etched.
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 10 The influence of holding time after the introduction of a grain-refiner master alloy on the degree of grain refinement. The period A-B represents the contact time, the period B-C refers to a fading process, and the period C-D refers to a recovery process.
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Precious Metals and Precious Metal Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 18 k gold (75Au-15Ag-9Cu-1Zn) with 0.01% Ir added as a grain refiner. Etched for 45 s in a 1:1 mix of 10% potassium cyanide and 10% ammonium persulfate at room temperature. 50×
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Precious Metals and Precious Metal Alloys
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 27 The effect of 0.3% Co addition on the grain refining of a 9 k gold alloy. (a) Without cobalt. (b) With cobalt
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Published: 30 August 2021
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Published: 30 November 2018
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 15 Microstructure of an as-formed plate formed from a grain refined 319 aluminum alloy billet at 100×. Courtesy of SPC Contech, Inc.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Grain structure in 3004 alloy castings. Top: no refinement; bottom: 10 ppm boron added as 5Ti-1B alloy
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 8 Illustration of how a refinement in grain size improves resistance to hydrogen failure as measured by the time to failure of two strengths of AISI 4340 steels. Source: Ref 20
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