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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... measures recommended for plasma arc cutting and air carbon arc cutting. Special applications of electric arc cutting, including shape cutting, gouging, and underwater cutting, are also discussed. The article provides information on other electric arc cutting methods, namely, the exo-process and oxygen arc...
Abstract
Electric arc cutting is used on ferrous and nonferrous metals for rough severing, such as removing risers or scrap cutting, as well as for more closely controlled operations. This article describes the operating principles, equipment selection, process variables, and safety measures recommended for plasma arc cutting and air carbon arc cutting. Special applications of electric arc cutting, including shape cutting, gouging, and underwater cutting, are also discussed. The article provides information on other electric arc cutting methods, namely, the exo-process and oxygen arc cutting. It concludes with information on the seldom-used electric arc cutting methods, such as shielded metal arc cutting, gas metal arc cutting, and gas tungsten arc cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed. abrasive wear testing scratch wear testing dry abrasion...
Abstract
The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency. air carbon arc cutting air carbon arc cutting and gouging...
Abstract
This article discusses the operating principles, types, and applications of shearing and slitting of different forms of steel, including plates, flat sheets, bars, coiled sheet and strips. In addition, it provides a detailed account of the cutting methods such as oxyfuel gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-carbon arc cutting cutting equipment AIR-CARBON ARC CUTTING (CAC-A) removes metal physically, rather than chemically, as in the oxyfuel cutting process. Gouging, or cutting, occurs when the intense heat of the arc between the carbon electrode and the workpiece melts part of the workpiece. Air...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... or may not require preparation in the form of a groove to permit proper access to the root of the joint. Several methods of joint preparation include machining, chipping, shearing, grinding, gas cutting, gas gouging, or air carbon arc gouging, which may be used to create single- or double-bevel, V-, J...
Abstract
This article provides information on the various types of welds and joints. It reviews the weld joint design considerations: the ability to transfer load and the cost. The article explains the throat size and weld size requirements of fillet welds, and presents a comparison of fillet and groove welds. It details the various design considerations for groove-weld selection, including the groove angle, root opening, and depth of the groove. The article also describes the methods of edge preparation and concludes with an illustration of the recommended proportions of grooves for arc welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006790
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...: A Textbook in Tribology , CRC Press , 1996 , p 205 – 211 10.1201/9781439821893 30. Borik F. and Sponseller D.L. , Gouging Abrasion Test for Materials Used in Ore and Rock Crushing, Part 1: Description of the Test , J. Mater. , Vol 6 , 1971 , p 576 – 589 31. Kalpakjian S...
Abstract
Engineered components fail predominantly in four major ways: fracture, corrosion, wear, and undesirable deformation (i.e., distortion). Typical fracture mechanisms feature rapid crack growth by ductile or brittle cracking; more progressive (subcritical) forms involve crack growth by fatigue, creep, or environmentally-assisted cracking. Corrosion and wear are another form of progressive material alteration or removal that can lead to failure or obsolescence. This article primarily covers the topic of abrasive wear failures, covering the general classification of wear. It also discusses methods that may apply to any form of wear mechanism, because it is important to identify all mechanisms or combinations of wear mechanisms during failure analysis. The article concludes by presenting several examples of abrasive wear.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...- and three-body abrasion, sliding abrasion, gouging abrasion, high- and low-stress abrasion, impact abrasion, grinding abrasion, and so on. The more precise terminology for some of these classifications is further explained subsequently. In the excavation, earthmoving, mining, and mineral processing...
Abstract
Wear, a form of surface deterioration, is a factor in a majority of component failures. This article is primarily concerned with abrasive wear mechanisms such as plastic deformation, cutting, and fragmentation which, at their core, stem from a difference in hardness between contacting surfaces. Adhesive wear, the type of wear that occurs between two mutually soluble materials, is also discussed, as is erosive wear, liquid impingement, and cavitation wear. The article also presents a procedure for failure analysis and provides a number of detailed examples, including jaw-type rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... be gouged, scalloped, or pitted. Other forms of corrosion are microscopic in breadth, and subsurface, so they are not initially discernable. Subsurface forms of corrosion include intergranular corrosion, corrosion fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, and hydrogen damage. Such corrosion can occur alone...
Abstract
This article briefly describes water and steam chemistry, which influence the effect of corrosion in boilers. The appropriate control measures to prevent corrosion in boilers are also presented. The article provides a discussion on the common causes of fluid-side corrosion such as flow-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of Vintage Pipelines ,” prepared for Interstate Natural Gas Association of America , Oct 2004 , p 5 15. Fields R.J. , Foecke T.J. , and deWit R. , “ Effect of Dents and Gouges on the Integrity of Pipelines ,” NIST IR 5479, National Institute of Standards and Technology , June...
Abstract
This article discusses the failure analysis of several steel transmission pipeline failures, describes the causes and characteristics of specific pipeline failure modes, and introduces pipeline failure prevention and integrity management practices and methodologies. In addition, it covers the use of transmission pipeline in North America, discusses the procedures in pipeline failure analysis investigation, and provides a brief background on the most commonly observed pipeline flaws and degradation mechanisms. A case study related to hydrogen cracking and a hard spot is also presented.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of failure associated with the body of the pipe are mechanical damage, fatigue cracks, and material defects. Mechanical Damage Mechanical damage consists of gouges or gouges and dents that have generally been produced by excavation or handling equipment during construction. The failure characteristics...
Abstract
This article describes the failure characteristics of high-pressure long-distance pipelines. It discusses the causes of pipeline failures and the procedures used to investigate them. The use of fracture mechanics in failure investigations and in developing remedial measures is also reviewed.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to mechanical loading or environmental conditions that are either unexpected or of low probability, and hence were not allowed for in the original design. A description of the various damage mechanisms to GRP marine composites is given in Table 1 . The most common types of damage to GRP vessels are gouges...
Abstract
It is recommended that repairs be made whenever damage consists of delamination cracks or broken fibers. This article provides an overview of the repair classification, characterization, and cycle of the composite ship structure. The methods outlined in this article, which covers gel coat repairs, patching, scarfing, and step repairs, have undergone extensive development and rigorous testing for use on composite ship structures. Resin infusion repair, which is a relatively new method for repairing marine composites, is also described.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006756
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... also result in a pitting damage mode in boiler tubing, including hydrogen damage, phosphate corrosion, and caustic gouging. There are levels of damage modes. For instance, the previous example can generally be described as a corrosion damage mode, but this is a general term that is not very helpful...
Abstract
The principal task of a failure analyst during a physical-cause investigation is to identify the sequence of events involved in the failure. Technical skills and tools are required for such identification, but the analyst also needs a mental organizational framework that helps evaluate the significance of observations. This article discusses the processes involved in the characterization and identification of damage and damage mechanisms. It describes the relationships between damage causes, mechanisms, and modes with examples. In addition, some of the more prevalent and encompassing characterization approaches and categorization methods of damage mechanism are also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003521
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the pit surfaces is unaffected ( Ref 3 ). In this system pitting is a specific damage mechanism, but many other damage mechanisms also result in a pitting damage mode in boiler tubing, including hydrogen damage, phosphate corrosion, and caustic gouging. It is helpful to be as specific as possible...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006575
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... 16. Heigel J.C. , Michaleris P. , and Reutzel E.W. , Thermo-Mechanical Model Development and Validation of Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V , Addit. Manuf. , Vol 5 , 2015 , p 9 – 19 10.1016/j.addma.2014.10.003 17. Gouge M.F. , Heigel...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed overview of the thermomechanical modeling of additive manufacturing (AM) process. It begins with information on a basic understanding of the formation of residual stress during AM processing followed by a discussion on models commonly applied in AM modeling, such as heat-input models, material models, and material activation models. Information on experimental setup for validation and simulation of directed-energy deposition model is then included. The article also provides information on moving-source and part-scale analyses to simulate the laser powder-bed fusion AM process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., the tubes “burn out.” Water and waterside chemistries are important in maintaining protection of internal tube surfaces, but they also can contribute to waterside corrosion problems such as caustic gouging, hydrogen damage, pitting, or dealloying. The change in pH can markedly affect the corrosion rate...
Abstract
High-temperature exposure of materials occurs in many applications such as power plants (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear), land-based gas turbine and diesel engines, gas turbine engines for aircraft, marine gas turbine engines for shipboard use, waste incineration, high-temperature fuel cells, and missile components. This article discusses high-temperature corrosion in boilers, diesel engines, gas turbines, and waste incinerators. Boilers are affected by stress rupture failures, waterside corrosion failures, fireside corrosion failures, and environmental cracking failures. Contamination of combustion fuel in diesel engines can cause high-temperature corrosion. Gas turbine engines are affected by hot corrosion. Refractory-lined incinerators and alloy-lined incinerators are discussed. The article provides case studies for each component failure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... steels (ASTM A128), 4300 series, ASTM A579 alloy steel, 8600 series Mill liners, grates, and abrasion-resistant plates Severe gouging, crushing impact and wear, wet (pH 5–8) Austenitic manganese steels, martensitic chromium-molybdenum white cast iron, martensitic high-chromium white cast iron...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion of principal parts of mining equipment such as mine shafts, wire rope, rock bolts, and pump and piping systems. It discusses the diagnosis and prevention of various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and intergranular corrosion. The article explains the corrosion in tanks, reactor vessels, cyclic loading machinery, and pressure leaching equipment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... understood and accepted. The following is an example of this type of classification: Metal against nonmetallic abrasive High-stress gouging or grinding: Wet, as in ball and rod mills Dry, as in jaw-type or roll-type ore crushers Low-stress scratching or sliding: Wet, such as conveyor...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of wear based on the presence or absence of effective lubricants, namely, lubricated and nonlubricated wear. Variations in ambient temperature, atmosphere, load, and sliding speed, as well as variations in material bulk composition, microstructure, surface treatment, and surface finish of steel are also considered. The article discusses the types, wear testing, wear evaluation, and hardness evaluation of abrasive wear. It describes the selection criteria of steels for wear resistance. The article also describes the importance of hardness and microstructure as factors in resistance to wear. It provides a discussion on the resistance of various materials to wear in specific applications. The wear resistance of austenitic manganese steels is also discussed. The article discusses the applications of phosphate coatings, wear-resistant coatings, and ion implantation. It concludes with information on interaction of wear and corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of the backing to the part should be prevented. Fig. 16 Use of carbon backing to provide support when repair welding surfaces and contours In weld repairing of parts that have cracked, the crack should be fully dressed out. Metal can be removed by chipping, grinding, machining, arc air gouging...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW) is a manual process in which the metal surfaces to be joined are melted progressively by heat from a gas flame, with or without a filler metal. This article discusses the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of OFW. It describes the role of gases, such as oxygen, acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and proprietary gases, in OFW. The article discusses the important elements of an OFW system, such as gas storage facilities, pressure regulators, hoses, torches, related safety devices, and accessories. It describes the sequence for setting up a positive-pressure welding outfit. The article provides information on forehand welding and backhand welding, as well as various joints used. It concludes with a discussion on repairs and alterations, as well as the safety aspects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.9781627081740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0