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glow discharge
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006648
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article provides a brief account of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) for direct determination of trace elements in solid samples and for fast depth profiling in a great variety of innovative materials. It begins by describing the general principles of GDMS. This is followed...
Abstract
This article provides a brief account of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) for direct determination of trace elements in solid samples and for fast depth profiling in a great variety of innovative materials. It begins by describing the general principles of GDMS. This is followed by a discussion on the various components of a GDMS system as well as commercial GDMS instruments. A description of processes involved in specimen preparation and cleaning in GDMS is then presented. Various problems pertinent to multielemental calibrations in GDMS are discussed along with measures to overcome them. The article further provides information on the processes involved in the analytical setup of parameters in GDMS, covering the steps involved in the analysis of GDMS data. It ends with a section on the application and interpretation of GDMS in the metals industry.
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Published: 01 January 1986
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in Practical Aspects of Sputtering and Its Role in Industrial Plasma Nitriding
> Surface Engineering
Published: 01 January 1994
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in Practical Aspects of Sputtering and Its Role in Industrial Plasma Nitriding
> Surface Engineering
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 12 Plasma nitriding of a gear. Note the more intense glow discharge in between the teeth. Courtesy of Advanced Heat Treat Corporation
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 2 Concentration depth profile (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy) of a nitrided case. Aluminum alloy 5083; T N = 480 °C (900 °F); t N = 3 h
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy concentration depth profiles. (a) Aluminum alloy 360.0 nitrided at 470 °C (880 °F); t N,eff = 5 h. (b) Aluminum alloy 5083 nitrided at 470 °C (880 °F); t N,eff = 4 h
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Glow discharge in a mixture of 75% N 2 and 30% H 2 around a complex-geometry titanium cathode at 550 °C (1020 °F) at a pressure of 1.2 mbar. Courtesy of Advanced Heat Treat Corp., Monroe, MI
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 7 Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) concentration profile of carbon and nitrogen in the compound layer of low-alloyed steel after plasma nitriding. Source: Ref 12
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Published: 01 August 2013
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 4 Paschen curves for a direct-current glow discharge between parallel-plate electrodes for various gases, showing the breakdown voltage versus the product of the gas pressure ( P ) and the distance ( d ) between the electrodes
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in Gas Nitriding and Gas Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 29 Glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry analysis of a nitrided C15. The peak in carbon indicates the boundary between the compound layer and diffusion zone. The position of this peak may be used to determine the compound layer thickness. Courtesy of IWT Bremen, Germany
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in Gas Nitriding and Gas Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 30 Glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry analysis of a nitrocarburized AISI 1010, aiming for a high carbon concentration in the compound layer. The compound layer thickness is given at the point where the total percentage of carbon and nitrogen drops below approximately 6 mass%.
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in Plasma (Ion) Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 9 Schematic of a Grimm-type glow discharge lamp. Source: Ref 8 . Reprinted with permission of Elsevier
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Published: 15 December 2019
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 14 Glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy quantitative depth profile of a ~0.5 μm oxide layer on a low-alloy steel. Note that the scale factors for chromium, manganese, silicon, and carbon are expanded. Source: Ref 8 . Reprinted with permission of Elsevier
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... This article begins with an overview of the theoretical background and the range and limitations of glow-discharge plasma. It describes the plasma carburizing process, which is carried out with methane or propane. Plasma carburizing processes of sinter metals and stainless steels, and the influence of current...
Abstract
The plasma carburizing process is basically a low-pressure carburizing process making use of a high-voltage electrical field applied between the load to be treated and the furnace wall producing activated and ionized gas species responsible for carbon transfer to the workpieces. This article begins with an overview of the theoretical background and the range and limitations of glow-discharge plasma. It describes the plasma carburizing process, which is carried out with methane or propane. Plasma carburizing processes of sinter metals and stainless steels, and the influence of current pulse length on carbon input of low-pressure carburizing process are also described. The article presents the basic requirements and process parameters to be considered in plasma carburizing equipment. It also exemplifies a still-working plasma process in industrial measure.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001728
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... are often designed to minimize molecular emission. Each of the four types of emission sources; arcs, high-voltage sparks, glow discharges, and flames; has a set of physical characteristics with accompanying analytical assets and liabilities. The article also discusses the applications of each type...
Abstract
This article discusses the general principles, optical systems, and emission sources of optical emission spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Changes in the energy of the valence or outer shell electrons result in the atomic lines used in emission spectroscopy. Each possible combination of electron configurations produces a spectroscopic term that describes the state of the atom. Atomic emission is analytically useful only to the extent that the emission from one atomic species can be measured and its intensity recorded independent of emission from other sources. Emission sources are often designed to minimize molecular emission. Each of the four types of emission sources; arcs, high-voltage sparks, glow discharges, and flames; has a set of physical characteristics with accompanying analytical assets and liabilities. The article also discusses the applications of each type of emission source.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Plasma (ion) nitriding is a method of surface hardening using glow-discharge technology to introduce nascent (elemental) nitrogen to the surface of a metal part for subsequent diffusion into the material. This article describes the procedures and applications of plasma nitriding...
Abstract
Plasma (ion) nitriding is a method of surface hardening using glow-discharge technology to introduce nascent (elemental) nitrogen to the surface of a metal part for subsequent diffusion into the material. This article describes the procedures and applications of plasma nitriding methods of steel. These methods include direct-current plasma nitriding, pulsed-current plasma nitriding, and active-screen plasma nitriding. The article reviews cold-walled and hot-walled furnaces used for plasma nitriding. It provides information on the importance of controlling three process parameters: atmosphere, pressure, and part temperature. The article includes a discussion on the influence of nitrogen concentration on case structure formation on nitrided steel, and explains the significance of microstructure, hardness, and fatigue strength on nitrided case. It also discusses processing, laboratory studies, and applications of nitrocarburizing of steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... is the preferred method for measuring trace elements in ultrahigh-purity metals. Several new mass spectroscopy techniques have recently been developed and represent the state of the art in analytical measurement techniques: glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy...
Abstract
The electronic microcircuit industry has placed severe demands on metal suppliers to provide metals of the highest reproducible purity attainable as a result of the constant quest for the true values of physical and chemical properties of metals. This article describes the commonly used methods for ultrapurification of metals produced by electrolytic processes, including fractional crystallization, zone refining, vacuum melting, distillation, chemical vapor deposition, and solid state refining techniques. In addition, it describes the trace element analysis and resistance-ratio test methods used to characterize purity. Tables list the values for resistance ratios of zone-refined metals and their corresponding chemical compositions, and provide an example of the detection of impurities to concentrations in the parts per billion range, utilizing a combination of the glow discharge mass spectroscopy method and Leco combustion methods.
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