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gas-metal arc welding
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Arc welding methods can be classified into shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and electroslag and electrogas welding. This article provides...
Abstract
Arc welding methods can be classified into shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and electroslag and electrogas welding. This article provides information on process capabilities, principles of operation, power sources, electrodes, shielding gases, flux, process variables, and advantages and disadvantages of these arc welding methods. It presents information about the arc welding procedures of hardenable carbon and alloy steels, cast irons, stainless steels, heat-resistant alloys, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... induction furnaces. The arc furnace is the primary melting method and is used by over 80% of steel foundries ( Ref 1 ). However, arc furnaces are not good holders or efficient at superheating metal, so it is not uncommon to use induction furnaces to superheat steel after the arc melters. Induction furnaces...
Abstract
This article focuses on the construction, operation of electric arc furnaces (EAF), and their auxiliary equipment in the steel foundry industry. It provides information on the power supply of EAF and discusses the components of the EAF, including the roof, furnace shell, spout and tap hole, water-cooling system, preheat and furnace scrap burners, and ladles. The article describes the acid and basic steelmaking practices. It discusses the raw materials used, oxidation process, methods of heat reduction, and deoxidation process in the practices. The article provides a discussion on arc melting of iron and EAF steelmaking.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... This avoids the difficulties associated with the reactivity of liquid metals. Once the arc is initiated, it self-focuses into a small spot at which the heat and the electron flux are sufficient to vaporize and ionize the cathode material and liberate enough electrons to sustain the discharge. The arc...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of continuous cathodic arc sources and filtering process for removing macroparticles from a cathodic arc. It provides information on the types of arc sources and the properties of deposited materials. The advantages, limitations, and applications of arc deposition are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005202
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... arc remelting vacuum induction melted THERE ARE TWO COMMONLY USED remelting processes for metal refinement: electroslag remelting (ESR) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR). In both processes, an electrode is melted as it advances into the melting region of the furnace. As the working face of the...
Abstract
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process is widely used to improve the cleanliness and refine the structure of standard air melted or vacuum induction melted (VIM) ingots and also used in the triplex production of superalloys. This article illustrates the VAR process and the capabilities and variables of the VAR process. It also presents a discussion on the melt solidification, resulting structure, and ingot defects. The article concludes with a discussion on VAR process of superalloy, and titanium and titanium alloy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.9781627081740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.9781627081733
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... welded; weld quality in most metals is equal to or superior to that produced by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Because the total kinetic energy of the electrons can be concentrated onto a small area on the workpiece, power densities as high as 10 8 W/cm 2 (10 7 W/in. 2 ) can be achieved. That is...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of operation, equipment needed, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of various fusion welding processes, namely, oxyfuel gas welding, electron beam welding, stud welding, laser beam welding, percussion welding, high-frequency welding, and thermite welding.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... is usually limited to use on thin sections. Generally, any material that can be welded using the oxyfuel (OFW) or arc fusion processes can also be repaired using these processes. The more widely used arc fusion processes include shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas...
Abstract
Repair welding is a necessary operation for most fabricators and can cost more than the price of the original component if performed improperly. This article provides a discussion on the repair welding of castings for ferrous and nonferrous materials. The discussion focuses on surface preparation, weld repair process selection, joint selection, filler metal selection, weld repair considerations, deposition techniques, postweld heat treatment, and verification of weld repair quality.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... (1 in.) or more have been joined by spot welding, but this requires special equipment and would not ordinarily be economical. Many assemblies of two or more sheet metal stampings that do not require gas-tight or liquid-tight joints can be more economically joined by high-speed RSW than by mechanical...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed account of the welding parameters, equipment needed, applications, advantages, limitations, and the process variables affecting various types of resistance welding operations, namely, resistance spot welding, resistance seam welding, resistance projection welding, and flash welding.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... oxyacetylene welding Coated electrodes, for shielded metal arc welding Tubular wires, for gas metal arc and submerged arc welding Powders, for plasma-transferred arc welding The bare rods and the cores of the coated electrodes are typically made by continuous casting. The powders are normally...
Abstract
This article addresses the cobalt and cobalt-base alloys most suited for aqueous environments and those suited for high temperatures. The performance of cobalt alloys in aqueous environments encountered in commercial applications is discussed. The article provides information on the environmental cracking resistance of the cobalt alloys. Three welding processes that are used for hardfacing with the high-carbon Co-Cr-W alloys, namely, oxyacetylene, gas tungsten arc, and plasma-transferred arc are also discussed. The article examines the effects of various modes of high-temperature corrosion. It describes the applications and fabrication of cobalt alloys for high-temperature service.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and then removed by the jetlike gas stream issuing from the torch nozzle. Because plasma arc cutting does not depend on a chemical reaction between the gas and the work metal, because the process relies on heat generated from an arc between the torch electrode and the workpiece, and because it...
Abstract
This article discusses the operating principles, types, and applications of shearing and slitting of different forms of steel, including plates, flat sheets, bars, coiled sheet and strips. In addition, it provides a detailed account of the cutting methods such as oxyfuel gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... or recommended. Nevertheless, the information presented can serve as a guide in screening processes for a joining requirement. Table 1 Recommended joining processes for various metal groups Material Thickness (a) Shielded metal arc welding Submerged arc welding Gas metal arc welding...
Abstract
This article discusses different types of joining processes, including welding, brazing, soldering, mechanical fastening, and adhesive bonding. It examines two broad classes of welding: fusion welding and solid-state welding. The article discusses the process selection considerations for welding, brazing, and soldering. It also describes joint design considerations such as selection of weld joints and welds.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...-generation plants (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear), pulp and paper mills, waste-incineration sites, numerous industrial chemical processes, diesel engines (power, land vehicle, and maritime), and gas turbine (land-based, marine shipboard, and aircraft). Predicting corrosion of metals and alloys or...
Abstract
High-temperature corrosion can occur in numerous environments and is affected by various parameters such as temperature, alloy and protective coating compositions, stress, time, and gas composition. This article discusses the primary mechanisms of high-temperature corrosion, namely oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube failures, molten salts for energy storage, and degradation and failures in gas turbines. The article describes the effects of environment on aero gas turbine engines and provides an overview of aging, diffusion, and interdiffusion phenomena. It also discusses the processes involved in high-temperature coatings that improve performance of superalloy.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Spray Coatingsā in Metals Handbook , 9th ed., Vol 5. In particular, the sections on flame spray, flame spray and fuse, and electric wire-arc spray, as well as several of the figures, were substantially adapted from the earlier edition. Flame spray uses combustible gas as a heat source to melt the...
Abstract
This article introduces thermal spray coatings and describes the various types of coating processes and coating devices, including the flame spray, electric-arc spray, plasma spray, transferred plasma arc, high-velocity oxyfuel, and detonation gun. It provides information on the surface preparation methods and finishing treatments of coated parts. The article also explains the tests to evaluate the coating quality and the effects of coating structures and mechanical properties on coated parts. It concludes with a discussion on the uses of thermal spray coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... to flow together, such as when metal surfaces melt and flow together during welding. In cohesive bonding, there is an intermingling of molecules between substrates. In thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites (TPCs), the fusion process involves heating the polymer to a viscous state and physically...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... gas or a flow-through purge of inert gas is required to protect the metal during welding. To ensure the weld chamber is adequate to produce a quality weld, it is advisable to initially strike an arc on the test plate and observe the color of the weld spot or nugget. If discoloration of the weld spot...
Abstract
This article describes typical foundry practices used to commercially produce zirconium castings. The foundry practices are divided into two sections, namely, melting and casting. The article discusses various melting processes, such as vacuum arc skull melting, induction skull melting, and vacuum induction melting, and various casting processes, such as rammed graphite casting, static and centrifugal casting, and investment casting. It explains the evaluation and testing of the process. The article provides information on the mechanical and chemical properties of zirconium castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... would be high enough to limit arc erosion, metal transfer, and welding or sticking, but it would also be low enough to increase resistance to reignition in switching. (When the melting point is high, contacts continue to heat gas in the contact gap after the current drops to zero, thus facilitating...
Abstract
Electrical contacts are metal devices that make and break electrical circuits. This article describes the property requirements such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, chemical properties, fabrication properties, and thermal properties of make-break arcing contacts. The article also focuses on brush contact materials and their interdependence factors for sliding contacts. In addition, the article discusses the properties, manufacturing methods, and applications of electrical contact materials, including wrought materials such as copper metals, silver metals, gold metals, precious metal overlays, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum, and composite materials. It concludes by discussing the composite manufacturing methods such as infiltration, press-sinter, press-sinter-repress process, press-sinter-extrude process, internal oxidation, and preoxidized-press-sinter-extrude process, and coprecipitation.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001280
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... some variation of the vapor-deposition process. Deposition, diffusion, and reaction of silicon (and any other elements added in small quantities) with the substrate metal at a high temperature produce the silicide-based coating. Oxide coatings are usually applied by the flame or plasma-arc spraying...
Abstract
Ceramic coatings are applied to metals to protect them against oxidation and corrosion at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. This article provides a detailed account of the factors to be considered when selecting a ceramic coating and describes the characteristics of various coating materials, namely, silicate glasses, oxides, carbides, silicides, and cermets. It reviews ceramic coating methods: brushing, spraying, dipping, flow coating, combustion flame spraying, plasma-arc flame spraying, detonation gun spraying, pack cementation, fluidized-bed deposition, vapor streaming, troweling, and electrophoresis. The article also includes information on the evaluation of the quality of ceramic coatings.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
...-phosphorus, low- sulfur scrap use refractories such as magnesite and dolomite for furnace lining (basic lining). The compositions of certain steels, such as austenitic manganese steels, require that they be made in a furnace with a basic lining. The direct arc furnace consists essentially of a metal...
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold castings are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes the steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of the melting furnaces used in direct arc melting, induction melting, and boiling. The article describes the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and castings of thin sections are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... the melt via gas atomization or the plasma rotating-electrode process (PREP), developed by Nuclear Metals. Solid-state techniques include reactive sintering of elemental powders and mechanical alloying. Post-synthesis processing is most often applied in the form of powder consolidation (e.g., die...
Abstract
This article reviews the bulk deformation processes for various aluminide and silicide intermetallic alloys with emphasis on the gamma titanium aluminide alloys. It summarizes the understanding of microstructure evolution and fracture behavior during thermomechanical processing of the gamma aluminides with particular reference to production scaleable techniques, including vacuum arc and cold-hearth melting, isothermal forging, conventional hot forging, and extrusion. The selection and design of manufacturing methods, in the context of processing-cost trade-offs for gamma titanium aluminide alloys, are also discussed.