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gas nitrocarburizing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005806
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract This article summarizes the terminology for gas reactions, and discusses low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing of stainless steels. It describes the various nitriding processes, namely, high- and low-pressure nitriding, oxynitriding, sulfonitriding, oxysulfonitriding, ferritic...
Abstract
This article summarizes the terminology for gas reactions, and discusses low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing of stainless steels. It describes the various nitriding processes, namely, high- and low-pressure nitriding, oxynitriding, sulfonitriding, oxysulfonitriding, ferritic nitrocarburizing and austenitic nitrocarburizing. The article includes a discussion on the difficulties in specimen cleaning, importance of furnace purge, uses of pre and post oxidation, depassivation, or activation, and requirements for perfect nucleation in nitriding process. In nitriding, the successful atmosphere control depends on various potentials. The article summarizes the methods of measuring potentials in nitriding and nitrocarburizing, provides useful information on the furnaces used, and the safety precautions to be followed in the nitriding process. It also describes the sample preparation procedures and testing methods to ensure the quality of the sample.
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in Gas Nitriding and Gas Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
the recommended minimum composition. ○, gas nitrocarburized; ⚫, gas nitrocarburized plus oxidized; Δ, salt bath nitrocarburized;▲, salt bath nitrocarburized plus oxidized. Source: Ref 20
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 32 Schematic of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing equipment. 1 and 2, gas introduction; 3, thermocouple; 4, cathode; 5, pressure sensor; 6 to 8, needle valve; 9, diaphragm valve; 10, solenoid; 11, vacuum pump; 12, sample holder; 13, sample; 14, anode; 15, sealing ring; 16, stainless
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Thermochemically Treated Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 31 Residual stresses in the compound layer after different nitriding/nitrocarburizing processes. NC, nitrocarburizing. Gas Nitrocarburizing: a: (50% NH 3 + 2% CO 2 + 48% N 2 ) 580 °C 60 min/oil, b: (50% NH 3 + 5% CO 2 + 45% N 2 ) 580 °C 60 min/oil, c: (50% NH 3 + 10% CO 2 + 40% N 2
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Thermochemically Treated Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 32 Residual stresses in the compound layer after different nitriding/nitrocarburizing processes plus plastic deformation by rolling. NC, nitrocarburizing. Gas Nitrocarburizing: a: (50% NH 3 + 2% CO 2 + 48% N 2 ) 580 °C 60 min/oil, b: (50% NH 3 + 5% CO 2 + 45% N 2 ) 580 °C 60 min/oil
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005986
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
..., on the structure and properties of nitrided layers. gas nitriding gas nitrocarburizing nitriding plasma nitriding salt bath nitrocarburizing steel NITRIDING IS A GENERAL TERM for all processes based on the addition of nitrogen to the surface of steel, whether or not other interstitial elements...
Abstract
Nitriding is a general term for all processes based on the addition of nitrogen to the surface of steel. When carbon is added along with the nitrogen, the process is called nitrocarburizing. This article provides a detailed discussion on the functional and structural properties of nitrided layers. It describes the structural changes on the surface of carbon steels, alloy steels, and austenitic stainless steels. The article explains the effects of the various nitriding processes, namely, gaseous nitriding, plasma nitriding, gaseous nitrocarburizing, and salt bath nitrocarburizing, on the structure and properties of nitrided layers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...-contact fatigue (RCF) occurs in rolling contacts such as bearings, rolls, and gears. The article provides a discussion on rolling-contact fatigue of nitrided steels for aerospace bearing components. nitrocarburized steels nitriding nitrogen carbon nitrocarburizing sulfur sulfonitriding gas...
Abstract
The surface of irons and steels can be hardened by introducing nitrogen (nitriding), nitrogen and carbon (nitrocarburizing), or nitrogen and sulfur (sulfonitriding) into the surface. This article lists the principal reasons for nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and summarizes the typical characteristics of nitriding processes along with a general comparison of carburizing processes in a table. It describes the two most common nitriding methods: gas nitriding and ion (plasma) nitriding. The article discusses the wear behavior of nitrided layers and the wear resistance of selected steels. Rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) occurs in rolling contacts such as bearings, rolls, and gears. The article provides a discussion on rolling-contact fatigue of nitrided steels for aerospace bearing components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005956
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... donator that today typically is of a gaseous kind. Basically two carbon donators are applied in current industrial applications. Carbon monoxide is the carbon donator during pack cementation, salt bath carburization, and controlled gas carburization. The other ones are hydrocarbons such as propane...
Abstract
The process of case hardening of steel includes three consecutive steps of heat treatment: heating; the thermochemical process with the enrichment of the surface area during the carburizing or carbonitriding stage with carbon and nitrogen; and the subsequent quenching process for hardening. This article provides a model-based description of the development of residual stresses during case hardening. It also describes the influence and effects of residual stresses and distortion in hardening, carburizing, and nitriding processes of the steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... Different methods exist for introducing atomic nitrogen, or both atomic nitrogen and atomic carbon, into the surface of steel. As described in other articles in this Volume, various nitriding/nitrocarburizing atmospheres can be indicated: Gas (NH 3 -H 2 ) mixtures (see “Gas Nitriding and Gas...
Abstract
The nitriding process typically involves the introduction of nitrogen into the surface-adjacent zone of a component, usually at a temperature between 500 and 580 deg C. This article provides an overview of the essential aspects of the thermodynamics and kinetics of nitriding and nitrocarburizing of iron-base materials with gaseous processes. It describes nitriding potentials and the Lehrer diagram, carburizing potentials, controlled nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and the microstructural evolution of the compound layer and the diffusion zone.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005870
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
Abstract
Residual stresses are stresses within a part that result from non-uniform plastic deformation or heating and cooling and play a vital role in ensuring long life of the induction-hardened steel parts. This article provides a description of the formation of residual stresses, and factors affecting their magnitude and distribution as well as their effects on longevity of heat-treated components. The residual stresses of the induction-hardened part are often produced by microstructural transformation, thermal shrinking, distortion, and quenching. Fatigue strength is the main property that gets affected not only by induction hardening but also by residual stresses, quenching conditions, and grain size in the hardened condition. The article concludes with a review of induction heating or hardening in conjunction with other processing methods with examples in terms of properties and, in some cases, effects on residual stress.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... nitriding, the nitrocarburizing of steel ( Ref 1 ) also is done by the plasma method. Ion nitriding, when compared to conventional (gas) nitriding, offers more precise control of the nitrogen supply at the workpiece surface. Other advantages of ion nitriding are: Improved control of case thickness...
Abstract
Plasma (ion) nitriding is a method of surface hardening using glow-discharge technology to introduce nascent (elemental) nitrogen to the surface of a metal part for subsequent diffusion into the material. This article describes the procedures and applications of plasma nitriding methods of steel. These methods include direct-current plasma nitriding, pulsed-current plasma nitriding, and active-screen plasma nitriding. The article reviews cold-walled and hot-walled furnaces used for plasma nitriding. It provides information on the importance of controlling three process parameters: atmosphere, pressure, and part temperature. The article includes a discussion on the influence of nitrogen concentration on case structure formation on nitrided steel, and explains the significance of microstructure, hardness, and fatigue strength on nitrided case. It also discusses processing, laboratory studies, and applications of nitrocarburizing of steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.9781627081658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005958
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... and nitrocarburizing processes and the equipment required for heat treating tool steels to improve hardness, wear resistance, and thermal fatigue. The various nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes covered are salt bath nitrocarburizing, gas nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the heating equipment used for austenitizing, quenching, and tempering tool steels. These include salt bath furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, fluidized-bed furnaces, and vacuum furnaces. The article discusses the types of nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes and the equipment required for heat treating tool steels to improve hardness, wear resistance, and thermal fatigue. The various nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes covered are salt bath nitrocarburizing, gas nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing.
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Published: 01 August 2013
-containing gas atmosphere: 3 vol% CO; 53 vol% NH 3 , and 44 vol% H 2 at 570 °C, or 843 K). (b) The carbon enrichment in the ϵ phase at these depths can eventually lead to cementite formation. The associated transformation of the original ϵ phase to cementite (θ) adjacent to the channel walls leads to fine
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Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 13 Reflected-light micrographs of nitrocarburized and carburized and subsequently nitrided stainless steel showing two istinct zones of carbon- and nitrogen-expanded austenite (ex situ nickel activation). (a) AISI 304 nitrocarburized in a gas atmosphere of 14% C 3 H 6 -54% NH 3 -22% H 2
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
..., nitriding, carburizing, or nitrocarburizing can be carried out in conventional gas atmospheres, at sufficiently low temperatures to prevent nitride/carbide formation. The advantages of this method are that activated stainless steel can be stored before the actual surface treatment is performed (provided...
Abstract
Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed by a discussion on physical metallurgy, including crystallographic identity, thermal stability and decomposition, nitrogen and carbon solubility in expanded austenite, and diffusion kinetics of interstitials. It provides a description of low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes for primarily austenitic and, to a lesser extent, other types of stainless steels along with practical examples and industrial applications of these steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... case depth case hardness liquid nitriding liquid nitrocarburizing safety precautions salt bath furnaces salt bath nitrocarburizing steel LIQUID NITRIDING (nitriding in a molten salt bath) employs the same temperature range as gas nitriding, that is, 510 to 580 °C (950 to 1075 °F). The case...
Abstract
The liquid nitriding process has several proprietary modifications and is applied to a wide variety of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and cast irons. This article discusses the applications, subclassifications, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures, as well as the equipment used (salt bath furnaces) and safety precautions to be undertaken during the liquid nitriding process. It describes the different types of liquid nitriding process, namely, liquid pressure nitriding, aerated bath nitriding, and liquid nitrocarburizing. Environmental considerations and the increased cost of detoxification of cyanide-containing effluents have led to the development of low-cyanide salt bath nitrocarburizing treatments. The article reviews the wear and antiscuffing characteristics of the compound zone produced in salt baths with the help of Falex scuff test.
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in Plasma (Ion) Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 25 (a) Microstructure of Armco iron plasma nitrocarburized at 570 °C (1060 °F) for 3 h at a gas pressure of 3.5 mbar. Gas mixture: 90 vol% N 2 , 1 vol% CO 2 , 9 vol% H 2 . Etched in a 1 mL mix of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethanol (1 part concentrated HCl + 10 parts ethanol) plus 99 mL 5
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 13 Surface roughness of G3500 gray cast iron samples nitrocarburized at 570 °C (1060 °F) for 4 h using plasma (50% nitrogen, 2% methane, and 48% hydrogen) and one-step gas ( K N = 3.5 and K C = 0.24) methods. Adapted from Ref 9
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 12 Scanning electron microscopy surface images of G3500 gray cast iron samples nitrocarburized at 570 °C (1060 °F) for 4 h using (a) plasma (50% nitrogen, 2% methane, and 48% hydrogen) and (b) one-step gas ( K N = 3.5 and K C = 0.24) methods. Adapted from Ref 11
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