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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 22 UNS A93003 aluminum coupons after galvanic corrosion test and removal of corrosion products. (a) Coupled to stainless steel cathode with natural microbial biofilm. (b) Coupled to control stainless steel cathode without biofilm. (c) As originally prepared prior to immersion. Source
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Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Typical galvanic-corrosion test specimen using a threaded rod for mounting and electrical connection
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 19 Cross sections of galvanic-corrosion test specimens after (left to right) 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. (a) WC-6Co alloy. (b) WC-3TiC-2TaC binderless alloy. (c) TiC-base cermet. (d) Sintered cobalt-base alloy. (e) WC-NiCrMo alloy. Source: Ref 29
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003663
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Galvanic corrosion, although listed as one of the forms of corrosion, is considered as a type of corrosion mechanism that is evaluated by modifying the tests used for conventional forms of corrosion. This article focuses on component testing, computer and physical scale modeling...
Abstract
Galvanic corrosion, although listed as one of the forms of corrosion, is considered as a type of corrosion mechanism that is evaluated by modifying the tests used for conventional forms of corrosion. This article focuses on component testing, computer and physical scale modeling, and laboratory testing methods of evaluating galvanic corrosion. The laboratory tests fall into two categories, namely, electrochemical tests and specimen exposures.
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 7 Specimen configuration for the ISO test for atmospheric galvanic corrosion. 1, anodic plate, 1 piece; 2, cathodic plate, 2 pieces; 3, microsection, 2 pieces; 4, tensile test specimen; 5, bolt, 8 × 40 mm, 2 pieces; 6, washers, 1 mm thick, 16 mm diameter, 4 pieces; 7, insulating washers
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... that lead to galvanic corrosion of anodic members. It also explains the three electrochemical techniques of screening tests for predicting galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical techniques comprise of potential measurements, current measurements, and polarization measurements. The article provides...
Abstract
This article describes the various factors that affect the extent of corrosion resulting from galvanic coupling. The factors include galvanic series, polarization behavior, and geometric relationship of metals and alloys. The article briefly discusses the various modes of attack that lead to galvanic corrosion of anodic members. It also explains the three electrochemical techniques of screening tests for predicting galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical techniques comprise of potential measurements, current measurements, and polarization measurements. The article provides a detailed discussion on the performance of alloy groupings. It concludes with information on various control methods that reduce or eliminate galvanic-corrosion effects.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... to galvanic corrosion of various cemented carbides coupled to type 316 stainless steel has been investigated ( Ref 29 ). Immersion testing of uncoupled specimens was also performed for comparison. Compositions of the materials tested are given in Table 11 . Compositions and properties of galvanic corrosion...
Abstract
Cemented carbides are extremely important in corrosion conditions in which high hardness, wear resistance, or abrasion resistance is required. This article describes the effect of binder composition and carbide addition on corrosion behavior of cemented carbides. It lists the examples of their uses in corrosion applications. The article provides information on the selection of cemented carbides for corrosion applications and tabulates the corrosion resistance of cemented carbides in various media. It expounds the oxidation resistance of cemented carbides and presents some tips to improve the properties of tungsten carbide cutting tools. The article also details the coating materials and coating processes of cemented carbides.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
..., and ion-leaching tests are also discussed. corrosion current density corrosion testing electrochemical corrosion testing electrochemical impedance measurement environment-assisted cracking tests fretting corrosion tests galvanic corrosion tests ion-leaching tests medical devices metallic...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... by metal dissolution or oxidation. The more cathodic material is more corrosion resistant (i.e., more noble). Fig. 3 Galvanic series of metals and alloys in seawater. Alloys are listed in order of the potential they exhibit in flowing seawater; those indicated by the black rectangle were tested...
Abstract
This article addresses the forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. It describes the mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion such as galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and velocity-affected corrosion. The article contains a table that lists combinations of alloys and environments subjected to selective leaching and the elements removed by leaching.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects...
Abstract
Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects. The ASTM International and NACE International standards that are directly or indirectly applicable to simulated service corrosion testing in water are tabulated. The article also describes the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved carbonates, such as calcium, magnesium, and/or sodium, in water on corrosion.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... resistance by as much as 20% in a two year industrial exposure test. However, copper-bearing zinc is more likely than unalloyed zinc to develop distinct pits due to corrosion. Small additions of tin (from 0.27 to 0.96%) to a galvanizing bath have been reported to have very little effect on the atmospheric...
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most used metals, ranking fourth in worldwide production and consumption behind iron, aluminum, and copper. This article commences with an overview of the applications of zinc that can be divided into six categories: coatings, casting alloys, alloying element in brass and other alloys, wrought zinc alloys, zinc oxide, and zinc chemicals. It discusses the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of zinc and its alloys in various environments, particularly in atmospheres in which they are most widely used. The article tabulates the corrosion rates of zinc and zinc coatings immersed in various types of waters, in different solutions in the neutral pH range, and in soils at different geographic locations in the United States. It concludes with information on the forms of corrosion encountered in zinc coatings, including galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, and intergranular corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... but is expensive and time-consuming. The individual specimens can be weighed before and after testing to determine corrosion rate as a function of potential, thus enabling the errors from using Faraday’s law to be easily corrected. Process of Predicting Galvanic Corrosion from Polarization Behavior...
Abstract
Corrosion is the electrochemical reaction of a material and its environment. This article addresses those forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. Various forms of corrosion covered are galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, selective leaching, and velocity-affected corrosion. In particular, mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion, as well as evaluation and factors contributing to these forms, are described. These reviews of corrosion forms and mechanisms are intended to assist the reader in developing an understanding of the underlying principles of corrosion; acquiring such an understanding is the first step in recognizing and analyzing corrosion-related failures and in formulating preventive measures.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... corrosive to zinc coating than industrial atmospheres. A large-scale long-term test program was conducted on galvanized steel wire (both hot-dipped and electroplated) by ASTM ( Ref 6 ). Carbon steel wires with different coating weights were exposed at several testing sites, which at that time were...
Abstract
From the standpoint of corrosion protection of iron and steel, metallic coatings can be classified into two types: noble coatings and sacrificial coatings. This article focuses on hotdipped zinc, aluminum, zinc-aluminum alloy and aluminum-zinc alloy coatings. It discusses the Sendzimir process and the Cook-Norteman process, which are the two commercial processes that are used for almost all hot-dip galvanized sheet steel in the United States. The article provides a discussion on the aqueous corrosion and atmospheric corrosion of galvanized steel and aluminized steel, as well as the intergranular corrosion of galvanized steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... life, experience has shown that the corrosion resistance of galvanized coatings in the field cannot be accurately predicted from accelerated laboratory tests. Environmental factors such as atmospheric contaminants (sulfates, chlorides, and so on) and time of wetness have a large influence...
Abstract
Steel sheet is often coated in coil form prior to fabrication to save time, reduce production costs, and streamline operations. This article examines the most common precoating methods and provides a metallurgical understanding of how they impact the manufacturability, performance, and service life of the host material. The article covers metallic coatings, including zinc, aluminum, zinc-aluminum alloys, tin, and terne; pretreatment or phosphate coatings; and preprimed and painted finishes based on organic coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003689
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... some type of corrosive material, and the concentration of these materials, as well as the frequency and duration of moisture contact, determines the corrosion rate of galvanized coatings. Figure 2 shows the results of outdoor atmospheric-exposure tests designed to measure the protective life...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the two basic steps of the batch hot dip galvanizing process: surface preparation and galvanizing. It describes the factors affecting coating thickness and coating structure. The mechanical properties of the coating and steel substrate are also discussed. The article also provides information on the various factors that should be considered before galvanizing a material. It examines the performances of galvanized coatings in corrosion service. The joining of galvanized structural members by bolting and welding is also discussed. The article describes the synergistic effects of galvanized and painted systems. It explains the applications of hot dip galvanized steel. The article concludes with information on pertinent galvanizing specifications under the authority of the American Society for Testing and Materials.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... accelerated, and alloy purity provides no defense. In a salt spray test, galvanic corrosion of magnesium in such an assembly would be excessive compared to that which would occur in a marine atmosphere or even under road salt splash conditions. Corrosion Rates in Salt Spray, Salt-Immersion, and Natural...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the environmental factors that induce corrosion in magnesium alloys. It reviews the factors that determine the severity of different forms of localized corrosion, namely, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion. The article discusses corrosion protection in magnesium assemblies and the protective coating systems used in corrosion protection practices. Protection schemes for specific applications and the production of novel magnesium alloys with improved corrosion resistance are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on the corrosion of bulk vapor-deposited alloys and magnesium-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... preparation can be a major contributor to the cost of the coupon. Galvanic-Corrosion Coupons Pairs of test coupons are coupled electrically to study the effects of galvanic corrosion. The relative areas exposed usually vary from 1:1 to 10:1 or greater. The area ratios should be reversed for complete...
Abstract
This article describes the criteria for selecting a corrosion-monitoring method used in industrial plants. It provides a detailed discussion on the design, advantages, and disadvantages of plant corrosion-testing program. The basic types of racks used to support and insulate the coupons are also discussed. The analysis of electrical-resistance probes, sentry holes, side-stream loop, electrochemical noise, hydrogen-probe, and process streams are used to monitor and estimate corrosion rates. The corrosion rates can also be estimated by ultrasonic thickness measurements, polarization-resistance measurements, corrosion potential measurements, and alternating current impedance measurements. Corrosion monitoring strategies, such as locations, data analysis, redundancy, and other issues, are discussed. The article concludes with information on the interpretation and reporting of corrosion testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004166
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., cosmetic corrosion, crevice corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. aluminum components automotive industry corrosion crevice corrosion galvanic corrosion stress-induced corrosion cosmetic corrosion ALUMINUM COMPONENTS and assembled structures generally show very high resistance to corrosive...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the principle forms of corrosion that can occur on automotive aluminum components and offers general guidelines on how best to avoid these situations. It discusses the most common forms of aluminum corrosion such as stress-induced corrosion, cosmetic corrosion, crevice corrosion, and galvanic corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... dependent on the nature of the accelerated corrosion test, and correlation with service conditions was poor. Time and experience provided in-service corrosion data that helped lead to the current dominance of electrogalvanized steel (EG or EL), hot dip galvanized steel (GI or HD), and hot dip galvannealed...
Abstract
This article discusses the commonly encountered forms of automotive body corrosion. The corrosion forms include general or uniform corrosion, cosmetic or under-film corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, poultice or under-deposit corrosion, and pitting corrosion. Corrosion-resistant sheet metals, such as electrogalvanized steel, hot dip galvanized steel, and hot dip galvannealed steel, are reviewed. The article provides information on the paint and sealant systems for corrosion control in automotive body applications.
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