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Book Chapter
Introduction and Fundamental Principles of Induction Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005895
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... Abstract In the metal producing and processing industries, induction melting and holding has found wide acceptance. This article provides a detailed account of the physical principles of induction melting processes. It discusses the fundamental principles and components of induction furnaces...
Abstract
In the metal producing and processing industries, induction melting and holding has found wide acceptance. This article provides a detailed account of the physical principles of induction melting processes. It discusses the fundamental principles and components of induction furnaces such as induction crucible furnaces, channel induction furnaces, and induction furnaces with cold crucible. The article describes the advantages, applications, and fundamental principles of induction skull melting. It also provides information on the various specific application-designed induction melting installations.
Book Chapter
Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... The shear strength of the bar is determined by dividing the shear load by the cross-sectional area of the bar. Such tests provide little fundamental information on the shear properties of materials and are primarily used in the design of rivets, bolts keyway systems, and so forth, that are subjected...
Abstract
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials, using standard specimens, to determine mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and ductility. This article discusses the torsional deformation of prismatic bars of circular cross-section and torsional response of prismatic bars of noncircular cross-section. It analyzes the elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and the effect of strain rate on plastic deformation. The article describes the theory of anisotropy in plastic torsion and the various components of a torsion testing machine. These include drive system, test section, torque and rotational displacement transducers, and rigid frame.
Book Chapter
Fundamental Structure-Property Relationships in Engineering Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects...
Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
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Fundamental processes involved in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 2 Fundamental processes involved in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Source: Ref 47
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Schematic showing fundamental steps in the friction welding process. (a) On...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 1 Schematic showing fundamental steps in the friction welding process. (a) One workpiece is rotated, and the other workpiece is held stationary. (b) Both workpieces are brought together, and axial force is applied to begin the upsetting process. (c) Workpiece rotation is stopped
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Image
Fundamental structural units of materials. (a) Metallic bond showing a clus...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 1 Fundamental structural units of materials. (a) Metallic bond showing a cluster of cations (+) in a sea of electrons (−). (b) Geometric isomers of polyisoprene, typical of organics
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Fundamental mechanisms of wear: (a) adhesion, where a single pass of the tw...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 3 Fundamental mechanisms of wear: (a) adhesion, where a single pass of the two surfaces causes cold welding between them resulting in the net transfer of material (adherent layer) from one surface to the other; (b) abrasion, where an asperity causes ploughing resulting in plastic
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Fundamental region for cubic symmetry crystals showing several orientations...
Available to Purchase
in Crystal-Scale Simulations Using Finite-Element Formulations
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 2 Fundamental region for cubic symmetry crystals showing several orientations differing only by rotations about (a) a 001 axis of rotation and (b) a 1 11 axis of rotation. The crystal axes are shown in gray scale. The 1 11 axis of rotation is colored red.
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Fundamental topological transformations. (a)–(c) Triple-line collapse: (a) ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2009
Fig. 17 Fundamental topological transformations. (a)–(c) Triple-line collapse: (a) original configuration, (b) collapse of the triple line e 1 , and (c) restoration of the topology by the introduction of a new triangular grain boundary. (d) and (e) Grain-boundary collapse: (d) configuration
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in Electrical/Electronic Applications for Advanced Ceramics
> Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 16 Fundamental structure of a surface acoustic wave filter
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Image
Schematic showing fundamental steps in the friction welding process. (a) On...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Schematic showing fundamental steps in the friction welding process. (a) One workpiece is rotated, and the other workpiece is held stationary. (b) Both workpieces are brought together, and axial force is applied to begin the upsetting process. (c) Workpiece rotation is stopped
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in Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy Testing Methods in Additive Manufacturing
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 1 Schematics of the three fundamental vibrational modes
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Fundamental processes occurring within atomizers for atomic absorption meas...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 1 Fundamental processes occurring within atomizers for atomic absorption measurements
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Fundamental processes that occur on a surface to be cooled during water-fil...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 29 Fundamental processes that occur on a surface to be cooled during water-film and spray cooling. (a) Material with a high surface temperature. (b) Portion of the material surface at a lower point with a lower temperature. Heat flux values of q ε , q λ , and q D , where heat fluxes
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Fundamental modes of crack displacement under mechanical loading in structu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 2 Fundamental modes of crack displacement under mechanical loading in structural components. The strain in the examples is distorted for demonstrative purposes.
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The fundamental relationship between applied stress, crack length, and frac...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 10 The fundamental relationship between applied stress, crack length, and fracture toughness in fracture mechanics design
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Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Solidification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003724
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
Abstract
This article provides information on four different length scales at which surface morphology can be viewed: macro, meso, micro and nanoscale. Elementary thermodynamics demonstrates that a liquid cannot solidify unless some undercooling below the equilibrium (melting) temperature occurs. The article details five types of solidification undercooling, namely, kinetic, thermal, constitutional (solutal), curvature, and pressure undercooling. It explains the types of nucleation which occur in the melt during solidification. The effects of local instabilities at the solid/liquid interface during growth are illustrated. The article also describes the solidification structures of pure metals, solid solutions, eutectics, peritectics, and monotectics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... known as mineral oils, have been developed from petroleum for general use as a lubricant at a reasonable cost. Synthetic fluids such as polymeric/oligomeric alkenes, hydrocarbons, and esters are also developed for use as high-performance lubricants. The fundamentals of lubrication require...
Abstract
This article provides a brief introduction to lubrication as a method to reduce friction between two surfaces. It discusses the surface characteristics of parts and explores how lubrication helps separate two contacting surfaces and thereby decreases the coefficient of friction. The article details the classifications of lubrication regimes, namely, boundary, mixed, hydrodynamic, and elastohydrodynamic lubrications. It discusses the various types of lubricant materials and additives, including liquid lubricants, solid lubricants, gaseous lubricants, greases, green lubricants, and nanomaterials. The article also reviews the properties of lubricants. It describes the tribological evaluation of lubricants, including stribeck test, four-ball test, block-on-ring test, pin-in-vee test, and reciprocating motion test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... in Table 7 are the clearances that must be attained at the brazing temperature. Although there are many kinds of brazed joints, the selection of joint type is not as complicated as it may seem, because butt and lap joints are the two fundamental types used. All other types, such as the scarf joint...
Abstract
This article describes the physical principles of brazing with illustrations and details elements of the brazing process. The elements of brazing process include filler-metal flow, base-metal characteristics, filler-metal characteristics, surface preparation, joint design and clearance, temperature and time, rate and source of heating, and protection by an atmosphere or flux. The article explains the different types of brazing processes: manual torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, dip brazing, resistance brazing, infrared (quartz) brazing, exothermic brazing, electron-beam and laser brazing, microwave brazing, and braze welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base...
Abstract
Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.
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