Fig. 6 Diagram of mode of freezing in alloys having a short freezing range More

Fig. 7 Schematic of mode of freezing in alloys having a long freezing range More

Fig. 13 Solidification (freezing) mode for pure metals and alloys. (a) Freezing mode in pure metals, in which the freezing range (liquidus-to-solidus interval) approaches zero. Crystallization begins at the mold wall and advances into the casting interior on a plane solidification front. (b More

Fig. 8 Some aggregates absorb water and, upon freezing, expand to produce a popout. More

Fig. 4 Freezing curve of an idealized solid-solution alloy in a binary isomorphous system. (a) The solid-solution phase (α) is a homogeneous solid at all compositions in this idealized isomorphous system. (b) When the alloy solidifies under equilibrium conditions, phase compositions can More

Fig. 35 Alloys 1, 2, and 3 illustrating different freezing behaviors. Adapted from Ref 3 More

Fig. 1 Schematic of peritectic freezing More

Fig. 18 Progress of equilibrium freezing of a ternary isomorphous alloy. Adapted from Ref 3 More

Fig. 23 Sequence of equilibria involved in freezing of an alloy, showing gross composition in each isotherm. Adapted from Ref 3 More

Fig. 12 Freezing time and relative density of powders as a function of melting point. (a) Freezing time of 100 μm particles versus melting point. (b) Relative apparent density of water-atomized powders versus melting points. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 34 Mode of freezing the casting in Fig. 33 without special precaution to avoid shrinkage. Source: Ref 32 More

Fig. 5 Schematic of mode of freezing in pure metals. Crystallization begins at the mold wall and advances into the casting interior on a plane solidification front. Source: Adapted from Ref 11 More

Fig. 8 Schematic of intermediate mode of freezing in alloys having a moderate freezing range More

Fig. 10 Mold restraint coupled with nonuniform freezing of the various sections of this aluminum (alloy 356) semipermanent mold casting resulted in hot tears that were responsible for a 20% rejection rate. Moving the wall and increasing its thickness as shown corrected the trouble. More

Fig. 1 Comparison of freezing times for identical test castings poured in various types of molds More

Fig. 7 Porosity versus freezing rate in an A356 alloy. Source: Ref 35 More

Fig. 1 Stoppage of metal flow. (a) Pinching of metal flow in a skin-freezing alloy with a narrow freezing range. (b) Choking of flow at the leading tip in an alloy with a long freezing range. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 64 Effect of water content on the freezing point and boiling point of a ternary mixture of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, and sodium nitrate More

Fig. 1 Freezing point isotherm for a ternary nitrite-nitrate salt mixture. Source: Park Chemical (now Heatbath Corporation) More

Fig. 3 Effect of water content on the freezing point of nitrite-nitrate salt bath More